Abnormality and classifying disorders Flashcards
Define abnormality
socially constructed, behaviour that goes against socio-cultural norms, may differ from Western + non-Western cultures
e.g cannibalism
Deviance
behaviour that deviates from social norms and are deemed as unacceptable
Distress
the extent to which the behaviour is upsetting/distressing for the individual
-can be measured using the Kessler Psychological Distress scale (K10) - self-report questionaire on the last 4 weeks.
Dysfunction
how much the behaviour impairs the individuals ability to carry out everyday tasks/satisfying social+occupational roles
Danger
behaviour that poses a threat to the individual or those around them
Duration(added later by Davis in 2009)
length of time the individual has experienced the symptoms- added as everyone can experience some of the five D´s-it is context dependent: how long they have been experiencing them and the severity of the symptoms.
Weakness-four D´s
what a professional may see as dysfunctional for example may differ to the individual: lowers validity of the explanation and could lead to issues such as misdiagnosis.
Weakness- four D´s
labels those with mental health issues- e.g ´danger´ + ´dysfunction´-increased stigma and self-fulfilling prophecies.
Strength (four D´s)
Used in conjunction with classification systems (ICD and DSM): increased validity
DSM-diagnostic + statistical manual of psychological disorders
-American system
-constantly reviewed + revised
-DSM 5 (current version) -2013
-22 major diagnostic categories-grouping over 200 psychological disorders
DSM 4 (multi-axial system)
Axis 1:clinical syndromes e.g mood disorders/anxiety disorders/ eating disorders
Axis 2: personality and mental retardation:long-term issues in functioning
Axis 3:Medical condtions:physical conditions influencing/worsening axis 1+2
Axis 4:psychosocial/environmental problems e.g unemployment, divorce etc
Axis 5: global assessment of functioning - rate clients overall level of functioning
DSM 5 (sections)
Section 1: describes the organisation of the DSM+any changes
Section 2:diagnostic criteria + codes e.g bipolar, schizophrenia
Section 3:emerging measures + models e.g diagnostic categories needing more research-not yet able to move to section 2
Evaluation of the DSM
-takes in account changes in perspectives over time e.g changing attitudes to homosexuality
-test-retest reliability: multiple doctors evaluate some patient+ reach the same conclusions
-causes labelling+ stigmatisation- may worsen MH- may be oversimplified:only viewing humans through their symptoms
-social norms may differ+influence psychiatric diagnoses round the world-increased subjectivity reducing reliability
ICD: international classification of diseases
- includes physical illnesses as well as mental
- released by WHO in 1992
-most commonly used in Europe
-11 diagnostic categories
