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Abnormal Pysch > Abnormal Pysch Unit 1 > Flashcards

Abnormal Pysch Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Disorders: Cultural university

A

fixed set of disorders exist whose obvious symptoms cut across cultures

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2
Q

Mental Disorders: Cultural relativism

A

Values and worldviews affect expression and determination and deviant behavior
Ex. “Running amok” in Malaysia; eating disorders

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3
Q

Cultural relativism

A

view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal. Behaviors can only be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms. ex. Hitler branded jews “abnormal”

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4
Q

Culture and gender can influence three things, what are they?

A
  1. way people express symptoms
  2. Willingness to admit certain types of behavior
  3. types of treatment deemed acceptable/helpful for people
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5
Q

Biological theories

A

view abnormal behaviors similarly to physical diseases; breakdown of the body

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6
Q

Supernatural Theories

A

view abnormal behaviors as a result of divine interventions, curses, demonic possessions and personal sin

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7
Q

Psychological theories

A

view abnormal behaviors as a result of psychological processes, such as beliefs, coping skills, and life events such as trauma, bereavement, or chronic stress
- ex. Slaves who would escape where seen as having a mental illness and would be beaten to “cure” them.

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8
Q

Traphination

A

act of drilling holes into someone’s head using trephine (drill-like tool)

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9
Q

Psychopathology

A

scientific study of psychological disorders

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10
Q

4 D’s of abnormality

A

deviance, distress, dysfunction, dangerousness

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11
Q

Ancient Chinese

A
  • Ancient Chinese medicine based on Ying and Yang
  • Chinese medical philosophy said that human emotions were controlled in the organs, therefore doctors would tell people not to eat for days in order to balance emotions
  • Different organs represent different emotions (pg 8 for examples)
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12
Q

Ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome

A
  • Ancient Greece, Egypt, and Rome believed in the “wandering uterus”; the uterus would wander the body looking for semen and therefore make the women sick or “abnormal”
  • Hysteria means Uterus in Greek
  • Hippocrates’ four humors
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13
Q

Medieval Views

A
  • Witch hunts occurred and psychiatric historians claim the “witches” were most likely the mentally ill
  • Johann Weyer claimed those accused of being witches were those with depression and senility. The church argued against this claim
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14
Q

Psychic Epidemics

A

phenomenon in which large numbers of people engage in unusual behaviors that appear to have a psychological origin ex. Dance frenzies

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15
Q

Mental Hygiene movement

A

treatment based on the idea that people developed problems because they had become separated from nature. Inscribed prayers, relaxation, and a physically appealing place

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16
Q

Moral treatment

A

humanistic philosophy and a belief that a rational, caring approach would enable patients to normalize their thoughts and actions; Philippe Pinel created

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17
Q

General paresis

A

disease that lead to paralysis, insanity and eventually death

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18
Q

Mesmerism

A

hypnotic induction held to involve animal magnetism broadly

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19
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

the study of the unconscious

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20
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Pavlov’s studies on human behavior

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21
Q

Self-efficacy beliefs

A

behaviors necessary to control important events determining someone’s well being

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22
Q

Patient’s right movement

A

recover better or live more satisfying lives if integrated into the community

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23
Q

Deinstitutionalization

A

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

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24
Q

Community mental health centers

A

institutions for the treatment of people with mental health problems in the community; may include teams of social workers, therapists, and physicians who coordinate care

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25
Q

community mental health movement

A

An effort to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to provide therapy from outpatient clinics. Proponents of community mental health envisioned that recovering patients could live with their families, in foster homes, or in group homes.

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26
Q

Halfway homes

A

offer help to long-term mental health problems, this includes a structured, supportive environment as they try it reestablish working relationships with friends and family

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27
Q

Day treatment centers

A

mental health facilities that allow people to obtain treatment, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, during the day but to live at home at night

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28
Q

Managed care

A

collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided

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29
Q

Theory

A

set of ideas that provide a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon and gathering information

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30
Q

biopsychosocial approach

A

recognizing psychological symptoms often result from biological factors

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31
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

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32
Q

Three sections of the brain

A

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

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33
Q

Thalamus

A

direct incoming information from sense receptors to the cerebrum

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

small structure below the thalamus, regulates eating, drinking and sexual behavior

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35
Q

Limbic system

A

a set of structures that regulate many instructive behaviors such as stress, eating and sexual behavior

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36
Q

Amygdala

A

structure of the limbic system that is critical in emotions such as fear

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37
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron or nerve call to another in the brain and nervous system

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38
Q

Synapse

A

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

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39
Q

Receptors

A

molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons

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40
Q

Reuptake

A

process that occurs when initial neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the synapse

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41
Q

Degradation

A

occurs when the receiving neurotransmitter into other biochemicals

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42
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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43
Q

pituitary gland

A

gland that produces largest number of different hormones

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44
Q

polygenic

A

multiple genes affecting a given trait

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45
Q

Lithium

A

widely used as a mood stabilizer

46
Q

anticonvulsants

A

used to help with mood disorders

47
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

48
Q

psychosurgery

A

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

49
Q

Global assumptions

A

fundamental beliefs that encompass all types of situations

50
Q

ego psychology

A

emphasizing the importance of the individual’s abilities

51
Q

object relations

A

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

52
Q

Free association

A

client is taught to talk about whatever comes to mind

53
Q

Transference

A

occurs when client reacts to the therapist

54
Q

Working through

A

going over and over painful memories and difficult issues

55
Q

Reflection

A

method of response in which the therapist expresses an attempt to understand what the client is experiencing and trying to communicate

56
Q

family system theories

A

families create and maintain mental disorders in individuals to maintain homeostasis

57
Q

Family system therapy

A

the guiding assumption is that most people’s problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication

58
Q

syndorme

A

cluster of symtoms

59
Q

validity

A

accuracy of a test

60
Q

Reliability

A

consistency of measurement

61
Q

sensorium

A

client’s general awareness of surroundings

62
Q

Personality inventories

A

a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits

63
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

a method of brain imaging that assesses metabolic activity by using a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream

64
Q

single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A

PET scan that is less accurate but cheaper

65
Q

Psychophysiological tests

A

machines designed to detect changes in brain that reflect emotion

66
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

measures electrical activity along the scalp produced by firing neurons

67
Q

Projective test

A

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

68
Q

DSM

A

the classification system of mental disorders

69
Q

Weyer

A

founder of modern psychopathology

70
Q

psychotherapy

A

any treatment using psychological techniques to help someone suffering psychological difficulties

71
Q

the biological model has the most side effects out of all the models

A
72
Q

Behaviorism

A

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

73
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

74
Q

Modeling

A

learning by imitating others; copying behavior

75
Q

Behavioral Therapies

A

treatments designed to change behavior through the use of established learning techniques

76
Q

flooding therapy

A

A behavioral treatment for phobias that involves prolonged exposure to a feared stimulus, thereby providing maximal opportunity for the conditioned fear response to be extinguished.

77
Q

gradual exposure therapy

A

direct exposure to a series of increasingly fearful stimuli

78
Q

systematic desensitization

A

A type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

79
Q

caveat

A

a warning or caution to prevent misunderstanding or discourage behavior

80
Q

ABC model of attitudes

A

affect, behavior, cognition make an attitude

81
Q

Cognitions

A

mental processes, such as thinking, memory, sensation, and perception

82
Q

Bandure’s self-efficacy

A

belief we have the abilities to handle life’s events

83
Q

cognitive therapies

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

84
Q

Behavioral model strengths

A

o Can be observed and measured
o Significant research support

85
Q

Behavioral models weaknesses

A

o Too simplistic and unrealistic
o Downplays role of cognition (thoughts)

86
Q

Cognitive model strengths

A

o Broad appeal
o Clinically useful & effective for several disorders

87
Q

Cognitive models weaknesses

A

o Singular, narrow focus
o Overemphasizes present

88
Q

Psychoanalytic model

A

the most comprehensive theory yet constructed on the development and structure of our personalities (ego, superego, ID)

89
Q

Regression

A

person retreated from conflict by returning to an earlier state of development

90
Q

Projection

A

imposing one’s own impulses or wishes onto another person

91
Q

Reaction formation

A

behaving in a way that is the opposite of one’s true wishes

92
Q

Psychodynamic model strengths

A

o Recognized importance of psychological theories and treatment
o Internal conflict as important source of both health and abnormality

93
Q

Psychodynamic model weaknesses

A

o Some unsupported ideas
o More difficult to research (not impossible tho)

94
Q

Humanistic Theory

A

is a type of personality theory that emphasizes people’s conscious understanding of themselves and their abilities to attain self fulfillment.

95
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self

96
Q

Observation therapy look for 3 things

A

o Behavioral excesses (e.g., hair pulling, overeating) things we want to do less of
o Behavior deficits (e.g., lack of eye contact) things we want to do more of
o Inappropriate behavior (e.g., violent outbursts) things that are not okay in

97
Q

Psychological Tests

A
  • Development began around 1900
  • Determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral states and symptoms
  • More than 500 different tests are in use
98
Q

Projective Tests

A

Subjects interpret vague/ambiguous stimuli or follow open-ended instruction
ex. Roschach inkblots

99
Q

Objective Tests example

A

 Measure broad personality characteristics
 Focus on behaviors, beliefs, and feelings
 Usually, self-report
ex. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

100
Q

Self-Report Inventories

A

Focus on one specific area of functioning
ex. Beck Depression Inventory

101
Q

Psychophysiological Tests

A

Measure physiological response as an indication of psychological problem
ex.polygraph (lie detector)

102
Q

Neurological

A

tests directly assess brain function by assessing structure and activity

103
Q

Neuropsychological

A

tests indirectly assess brain function by assessing cognitive perceptual, and motor functioning

104
Q

Intelligence Tests

A

Designed to measure intellectual ability (verbal and non-verbal skills)
ex. IQ test

105
Q

Reliable

A

Different diagnosticians agree on diagnosis using same classification system

106
Q

Validity

A

Accuracy of info provided by diagnostic categories

107
Q

DSM-5

A

greater reliability and validity than previous editions, but still a concern

108
Q

sign

A

observable

109
Q

symptom

A

reported condition

110
Q

Syndrome

A

cluster of signs and symptoms

111
Q

disorder

A

Diagnosis linking syndromes; could be same as a syndrome

112
Q

Disease

A

disorder with known pathophysiology

Abnormal Pysch (2 decks)

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