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College Material > Abnormal Psychology #2 > Flashcards

Abnormal Psychology #2 Flashcards

1
Q

DIGFAST

A

Bipolar I Symptoms

Grandiosity not grounded in reality (G)
Sleep (S)
More talkative (T)
Flight of ideas, racing thoughts (F)
Distractibility (D)
Increase in goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation (A=activity/agitation)
Excessive involvement in risky behaviors (I=irresponsibility)

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2
Q

SIGECAPS

A

Unipolar Depression Symptoms

The SIGECAPS mnemonic (sleep, interest, guilt, energy, concentration, appetite changes, psychomotor agitation or retardation, suicidality)

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3
Q

Emotions and Moods

A

Emotions: short-lived
Moods: persistent, background state

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4
Q

Depression: POC

A

Prevalence: 16.6% lifetime, highest of all disorders, 2 to 1 female to male
Onset: any age
Course: usually late adolescence to middle adulthood

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5
Q

Cumulative probability of recurrence

A

~40‐50% of people who have one depressive episode will have another
Probability of recurrence increases with # of prior episodes, punishing

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6
Q

Stress and depression

A

Depression is often preceded by a very stressful life event (~20‐50% of cases)

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7
Q

Kindling

A

Takes more stress to start the first episode, easier for later ones

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8
Q

Depression: biopsychosocial

A

Bio: Genetics (30‐40% of population variance due to genetic factors). Neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine)
Psycho: Rumination in excess, dysfunctional beliefs/brooding
Social: social support or lack thereof

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9
Q

Rumination

A

Reflection and rumination in excess is harmful
Repetitive, relatively passive thought about how you feel, why you feel that way, and the consequences of feeling that way rather than solutions
Women tend to ruminate more than men
When you control for differences in rumination, gender gap in depression is reduced

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10
Q

Dysfunctional beliefs

A

Brooding
Self-blaming
Self-critical
Pessimism
Rigid, extreme schemas about self, world, or future
“If everyone doesn’t love me, then my life is worthless.”

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11
Q

Biological treatments of depression

A

SSRI: most effective for severe depression but not for mild and moderate depression
TMS: non-invasive, stimulating
DBS: deep-brain, down-regulation

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12
Q

Therapy for depression

A 
Behavioral activation
CBT/mindfulness-based
Exercise
Interpersonal therapy
In general, therapy is more helpful in preventing relapse than medication
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13
Q

Diagnosis of Bipolar

A

At least 1 manic episode, afterwards cannot be diagnosed with depression

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14
Q

Manic episode

A

Abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive OR irritable mood AND abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy
1 week or longer!

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15
Q

Bipolar: POC

A

Prevalence: 1% lifetime, equal gender ratio
Onset: late adolescent to early adulthood
Course: chronic and episodic

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16
Q

Bipolar I

A

Rapid cycling: 4 or more episodes in a given year

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17
Q

Bipolar II

A

Major depressive episodes with periods of hypomania (less severe, lasting 4+ days)
Hypomania and manic episode is distinguished by severity and duration

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18
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

Milder, chronic form of bipolar disorder for 2+ years

Numerous hypomanic and depressed mood episodes (not major depression)

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19
Q

Bipolar Spectrum

A 
Normal: 0,0
Cyclothymic: m,d
Bipolar II: m,D
Unipolar Mania: M,d
Bipolar I: M,D
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20
Q

Bipolar: bio

A

Genes account of 80‐90% of variance in population, It is the strongest genetic heritably mental disorder we know
Neurotransmitter: Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin
Circadian rhythms: Decreased need for sleep often heralds the onset of mania

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21
Q

Bipolar: psychosocial

A 
Under-studied
• Stress
	• Disruption of sleep? 
• Low social support
Social support is important in buffering against stress
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22
Q

Bipolar medication

A

Lithium (mood stabilizer)
Anticonvulsants (GABA, Glutamate)
Antipsychotics (dopamine)

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23
Q

Suicide/attempt/self-injury

A

Intend to die
Non-fatal
Non-suicidal self-directed

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24
Q

Deaths by suicide

A

1.4% of global deaths

More deaths every year by suicide, than by all wars, genocide, and interpersonal violence combined

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25
Q

Predictors of suicide

A

Prior attempts: best predictor
Mental disorder
Gender: women more likely to attempt, men more likely to die
Age: Highest rate of completed suicide occurs in people > 65 years of age
Hopelessness: feeling things may not get better

26
Q

Interpersonal‐Psychological Theory of Suicide

A

Thwarted belongingness
Perceived burdensomeness
Acquired capability for suicide

27
Q

Prevention of suicude

A

Treat mental disorder
Limit access to lethal means
Crisis support: help them see that situation is not endless
Treat individuals at high risk

28
Q

Psychosis defining feature

A

Disruption in connection to reality
Disruption in basic sense of self (SZ)
Positive symptoms

29
Q

Psychosis positive symptoms

A

Delusions: beliefs
Hallucinations: perceptions
Disorganized speech
Catatonia

30
Q

Delusions

A

Delusion of reference: personal significance into events/activities/communications
Persecutory delusion: being attacked and conspired against
Delusion of being controlled: feelings/thoughts/actions under external control
Mind reading: by or of others

31
Q

Hallucinations types

A 
Auditory: most common
Visual: next most common
Tactile
Somatic
Gustatory
Olfactory
32
Q

Catatonia

A

Unpredictable agitation (shouting, wearing)
Markedly disheveled
Unusually dressed (multiple coats on hot day)
Inappropriate sexual behavior (e.g., public masturbation)
Catatonia: stupor, grimacing, echolalia…

33
Q

Negative symptoms

A 
Negative symptoms: absence of things we expect to be there
Motivation
Energy
Pleasure
Expressiveness
Socialization
34
Q

Schizophrenia predictive factors

A 
– Genetic risk with recent deterioration
– Higher unusual thought content
– Higher suspicion/paranoia
– Greater social impairment
– History of substance abuse
North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS)
35
Q

Finnish Adoption Study

A

HGR and LGR mothers

High OPAS interacted with HGR to produce more schizophrenia

36
Q

Attenuated psychotic symptoms

A 
Psychotic-like
Unusual ideas/beliefs
Suspiciousness/paranoia
Grandiosity/inflated
Perceptual abnormalities
Disorganized communication
37
Q

Psychosocial treatments

A
  • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
  • Family Focused Therapy & Multifamily Group Psychoeducation
  • Cognitive Remediation/Enhancement: rebuilding basic cognitive abilities
  • Social Skills Training
  • Case Management
  • Crisis Management: meet an individual’s and family’s comprehensive health needs through communication
38
Q

Stages of intervention for psychosis

A

Nonspecific: psychosocial intervention
Attenuated: psychosocial intervention, benign or low-dose medication
Psychosis: medication, psychosocial interventions

39
Q

Family as protective

A 
Improve:
– constructive communication
– active listening
– calm communication
Deteriorate: 
– conflictual behaviors,
– Irritability, anger,
– criticism, and
– off-task comments
40
Q

Psychotic spectrum

A

Brief: 1 day to 1 month, remit on its own
Delusional D: longer than 1 month, false beliefs, global functioning not markedly impaired
Schizophreniform: SZ-like, 1-6 months
Schizoaffective: mood as base, psychotic as addition
Nia: psychotic as base

41
Q

Schizophrenia diagnosis threshold

A

Delusions*

  1. Hallucinations*
  2. Disorganized Speech*
  3. Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  4. Negative symptoms (e.g., flat affect or avolition)
    • One of two symptoms must be # 1, 2, or 3
42
Q

Auditory hallucinations

A

Can occur in any sensory modality
• auditory, visual, olfactory, tactile, gustatory
• Auditory hallucinations are most common
• Occur in ~75% of patients with SCZ at some point in illness
• Often at normal conversational volume
• Often voices of people known to patient though can be unfamiliar or supernatural (God, devil)
• Most people hear more than one voice
• Usually critical, abusive though sometimes pleasant or supportive

43
Q

Avolition

A

Inability to initiate and persist in activities, basically immobile

44
Q

Alogia

A

Minimal speech

45
Q

Schizophrenia: POC

A

Prevalence: less than 1% lifetime prevalence, 1.4 to 1 male to female
Onset: late adolescence to early adulthood
Course: chronic

46
Q

Causes of Schizophrenia

A

Genetics
Prenatal and perinatal events: maternal infections, birth complications, maternal nutritional deficiency, maternal stress
Neurochemistry: dopamine hypothesis: agonists can result in schizophrenic-like, antagonist can reduce schizophrenic-like
The hypothesis is still oversimplified conclusion

47
Q

Dopamine and SZ

A

Schizophrenics make more dopamine than those without
Dopamine helps us tag things as salient, the hypersensitivity might result in lots of inappropriate things being identified as important
Kapur, 2003

48
Q

Problems with dopamine hypothesis

A

Many people do not respond to agonists, indicating heterogeneity
Dopaminergic drugs are generally not helpful in reducing negative symptoms
Other drugs, like PCP and ketamine, can produce SCZ‐like symptoms
• Decreased glutamate? Dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems work together.

49
Q

Environmental factors in schizophrenia

A

Family environment
Urban living
Immigration
Drug use

50
Q

Cannabis use and schizophrenia

A

Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk for schizophrenia
Especially true with higher concentration of THC rather than CBD

51
Q

Schizophrenia-biopsychosocial treatments

A

Bio: antipsychotics, dopamine antagonists, estrogen, glutamate agonists (glutamate is a neurotransmitter for major excitatory function)
Psychosocial: psychoeducation, family therapy, case management, social-skills training, cognitive remediation, CBT

52
Q

Anhedonia

A

Inability to experience pleasure

53
Q

Network analysis of depression

A

Symptoms of depression interact with each other

54
Q

ECT

A

Electro-compulsive Therapy

One of the most effective treatment for severe depression

55
Q

Matt Nock’s talk about preventing suicide

A

Objective measure: self-report is not objective, IAT scores is a good prediction for suicide
Real time data collection: notification on the phone
Intervention: classic conditioning of self-harm with undesirable images

56
Q

Night falls fast

A

People can be extremely bright and talented but still fall to suicide
Interpersonal-psychological theory in practice

57
Q

Brooke’s account of schizophrenia

A

One of the take aways: nobody asked her if she was hearing voices
She was not disorganized, she was high-functioning

58
Q

Excessive synaptic pruning

A

Possible cause of schizophrenia

59
Q

“Mental illnesses are the chronic diseases of the young”

A

50% of adult mental disorders begin before age 14.
75% before age 24.
(Insel & Fenton, 2005)

60
Q

How dose cognitive functioning decline?

A

Deteriorates: gets worse over time
Deficit: rate the same, but always behind normal
Lag: rise at slower rate
The answer is lag, I think

61
Q

Experience of hallucination

A

People staring at you
Delusion, schizophrenic symptoms
People disappear, people talk to you from the TV
Bees, buzzing, voices speaking gibberish
People can not know which voice to listen to, persistent, impossible to ignore or filter
A range of voices with different emotions
Cannot tell whether somethings is real or not
Voices are worse when they are alone

62
Q

Flat affect

A

Negative effect of schizophrenia

Lack expression instead of experience

College Material (4 decks)

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