Abnormal Psychology Flashcards

Question

What is Schiophremiform disorder?

Answer 1

Diagnostic criteria are identical to those for schizophrenia (Requires the presence of at least TWO ACTIVE PHASE symptoms - i.e., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, negative symptoms - for at least ONE month with at least ONE symptom being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech.) ...Except that the disturbance is present for at least ONE month but less than SIX months and impaired social or occupational functioning may occur but is not required (in schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for at least six months).

Answer 2

Interventions that will likely lead to long term abstinence when they include: (a) nicotine replacement therapy; (b) multicomponent behavioral therapy that includes, for example, skills training, relapse prevention, stimulus control, and/or rapid smoking; and (c) support and assistance from a clinician.

Answer 3

(a) a restriction of energy intake that leads to a significantly low body weight; (b) an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat or behavior that interferes with weight gain; and (c) a disturbance in the way the person experiences his or her body weight or shape or a persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of his/her low body weight.

Answer 4

Requires at least ONE hypomanic episode and at least ONE major depressive episode. -A hypomanic episode lasts for at least FOUR consecutive days and involves at least THREE symptoms that are also associated with a manic episode but are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning or require hospitalization. -A major depressive episode lasts for at least TWO weeks and involves at least FIVE characteristic symptoms, at least one of which must be a depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure.

Answer 5

(a) a disturbance in attention and awareness that develops over a short period of time, represents a change from baseline functioning, and tends to fluctuate in severity over the course of a day and (b) an additional disturbance in cognition (e.g., impaired memory, disorientation, impaired language, deficits in visuospatial ability, perceptual distortions). -Symptoms must not be due to another neurocognitive disorder and must not occur during a severely reduced level of arousal (e.g., during a coma), and there must be evidence that symptoms are the direct physiological consequence of a medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, and/or exposure to a toxin.

Answer 6

Utilizes a categorical approach that divides the mental disorders into types that are defined by a set of diagnostic criteria and requires the clinician to determine whether or not a client meets the minimum criteria for a given dx. To allow for ind. differences, it includes a polythetic criteria set for most disorders that requires a client to present with only a subset of characteristics from a larger list. It provides a nonaxial assessment system in which all mental and medical diagnoses are listed together with the primary dx listed first.

Answer 7

Having many properties in common but not all. To allow for ind. differences, the DSM-5 includes a criteria set for most disorders that requires a client to present with only a subset of characteristics from a larger list.

Answer 8

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of emotionality and attention-seeking as manifested by at least FIVE characteristic symptoms - (a) discomfort when not the center of attention, (b) inappropriately sexually seductive or provocative; (c) rapidly shifting and shallow emotions; (d) consistent use of physical appearance to gain attention; and (e) considers relationships to be more intimate than they are.

Answer 9

Included in the DSM-5 with "Other Conditions that May be a Focus of Clinical Attention." It involves the intentional production, faking, or gross exaggeration of physical or psychological symptoms to obtain an external reward (e.g., to avoid criminal prosecution or obtain financial compensation).

Answer 10

Occurs following cessation or reduction in the use of ___ following prolonged or heavy use or administration of a ___ antagonist following a period of ___use. The dx requires at least THREE characteristic symptoms: (a) dysphoric mood; (b) nausea or vomiting; (c) muscle aches; (d) lacrimation (flow of tears) or rhinorrhea (runny nose); (e) pupillary dilation, piloerection (goosebumps), or sweating; (f) diarrhea; (g) yawning; (h) fever; (i) insomnia.

Answer 11

In the presence of a persistent or recurrent pattern of ejaculation during partnered sexual activity within about ONE minute of vaginal penetration or before the person desires it. The disturbance must have been present for at least SIX months, be experienced on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity, and cause clinically significant distress. Tx often includes use of start-stop method or squeeze technique.

Answer 12

Involves developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety related to separation from home or attachment figures as evidenced by at least THREE symptoms: -(a) recurrent excessive distress when anticipating or experiencing separation from home or major attachment figures; (b) persistent excessive fear of being alone; (c) repeated complaints of physical symptoms when separation from an attachment occurs or is anticipated. -The disturbance must last at least FOUR WEEKS in children and adole. or SIX MONTHS in adults and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 13

The disturbance must last at least FOUR WEEKS in children and adolescents or SIX MONTHS in adults.

Answer 14

Characterized by (a) the presence of at least ONE VOCAL tic and MULTIPLE MOTOR tics that may appear simultaneously or at different times, (b) may wax and wane in frequency, (c) have persisted for more than one year, and (d) began PRIOR TO age 18.

Answer 15

A traditional Asian method for restoring health and involves stimulating anatomical points of the body, usually with a thin metallic needle. The traditional explanation for its effects is that illness is due to blockage of qi (vital life energy) and that acupuncture unblocks the flow of qi along the pathways through which it circulates in the body. Research suggests that its benefits may be due to the release of pain-suppressing substances or to an alteration in blood flow in areas around the needle or in certain regions of the brain.

Answer 16

the individual must exhibit (a) persistent deficits in social communication and interaction across multiple contexts as manifested by deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communication, and the development, maintenance, and understanding of relationships; (b) restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities as manifested by at least TWO characteristic symptoms (e.g., (1) stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech; (2) inflexible adherence to routines or ritualized patterns of behavior); (c) the presence of symptoms during the early developmental period; and (d) impaired functioning as the result of symptoms.

Answer 17

The best outcomes are associated with an ability to communicate by age 5 or 6, an IQ over 70, and a later onset of symptoms.

Answer 18

(a) recurrent episodes of binge eating that are accompanied by a sense of lack of control; (b) inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (e.g., self-induced vomiting, excessive exercise); and (c) self-evaluation that is unduly influenced by body shape and weight.

Answer 19

A theory from Aaron Beck of the cognitive profile for depression. Involves negative beliefs about oneself, the world (situations), and the future.

Answer 20

A high level of expressed emotion by family members toward the member with Schizophrenia is associated with a high risk for relapse and rehospitalization. -High expressed emotion is characterized by open criticism and hostility toward the patient or, alternatively, overprotectiveness and emotional over involvement.

Answer 21

A model developed by Martin Seligman that proposes that depression is due to exposure to uncontrollable negative events and internal, stable, and global attributions for those events. -A reformulation of the theory by Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy emphasizes the role of hopelessness.

Answer 22

Characterized by attacks of an irrepressible need to sleep with lapses into sleep or daytime naps that occur at least THREE times per week and have been present for at least THREE months. The dx also requires episodes of cataplexy, a hypocretin deficiency, or rapid eye movement latency less than or equal to 15 minutes.

Answer 23

Characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks with at least ONE attack being followed by ONE month of persistent concern about having additional attacks or about their consequences and/or involving a significant maladaptive change in behavior related to the attack.

Answer 24

Cognitive behavioral interventions that incorporate exposure

Answer 25

Associated with (1) a warning; (2) previous attempts; (3) a plan (especially involving a lethal weapon); (4) male gender; (5) being divorced, separate, or widowed; (6) feelings of hopelessness. -For most age groups, the rates are highest for Whites; an exception is for American-Indian/Alaskan Native individuals ages 15 to 34 who have a rate 2.5 times higher than the national average for this age group. -Of the mental disorders, the highest risk is associated with Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder. -Suicide attempters (vs. completers) are most likely to be female.

Answer 26

Characterized by intense fear of or anxiety about a specific object or situation, with the individual either avoiding the object or situation or enduring it with marked distress. -(a) the fear or anxiety is not proportional to the danger posed by the object or situation; (b) is persistent (typically lasting for at least SIX months); (c) and causes clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. - Treatment of choice is exposure with response prevention (especially in vivo exposure).

Answer 27

Requires the development of at least NINE symptoms following exposure to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation in at least ONE of four ways (direct experience of the event, witnessing the event in person as it happened to others, learning that the event occurred to a close family member or friend, and/or repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the event). -Symptoms can be from any of FIVE categories (intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms), have a duration of THREE DAYS BUT LESS THAN ONE MONTH, and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 28

Characterized by a pervasive pattern of (a) social inhibition, (b) feelings of inadequacy, and (c) hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, as indicated by at least FOUR characteristic symptoms - (1) avoids work activities involving interpersonal contact due to a fear of criticism, rejection, or disapproval; (2) is unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked; (3) is preoccupied about being criticized or rejected; (4) views self as socially inept, inferior, or unappealing to others.

Answer 29

Rates are higher among individuals with genetic similarity, and, the greater the similarity the higher the concordance rates. -For biological siblings the rate is 10% -For identical (monozygotic) twins the rate is 48%

Answer 30

Diagnosed in the presence of (a) pervasive social and interpersonal deficits involving acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships and (b) eccentricities in cognition, perception, and behavior as manifested by the presence of at least five symptoms: - e.g., (1) ideas of reference; (2) odd beliefs or magical thinking that influence behavior; (3) bodily illusions and other unusual perceptions; (4) is suspicious or has paranoid ideation; (5) inappropriate or constricted affect; (6) lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives; (7) excessive social anxiety .

Answer 31

-Other specified disorder is coded when the clinician wants to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis -Unspecified disorder is coded when the clinician does not want to indicate the reason why the client's symptoms do not meet the criteria for a specific diagnosis

Answer 32

Individuals diagnosed with this disorder (a) falsify physical or psychological symptoms that are associated with their deception, (b) present themselves to others as being ill or impaired, and (c) engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an obvious external reward for doing so. -For both types, falsification of symptoms can involve feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction (e.g., by ingestion of a substance or self-injury)

Answer 33

Individuals diagnosed with this disorder (a) falsify physical or psychological symptoms in another person, (b) present that person to others as being ill or impaired, and (c) engage in the deceptive behavior even in the absence of an external reward. -For both types, falsification of symptoms can involve feigning, exaggeration, simulation, or induction (e.g., by ingestion of a substance or self-injury)

Answer 34

Characterized by the development of at least FOUR characteristic symptoms within 24 HOURS of abrupt cessation or reduction in the use of tobacco - i.e., (1) irritability or anger, (2) anxiety, (3) impaired concentration, (4) increased appetite, (5) restlessness, (6) depressed mood, (7) insomnia.

Answer 35

Diagnosed when there is evidence of significant decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that INTERFERES with the individual's independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of Delirium. -Subtypes are based on etiology and include ...due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV infection, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's Disease

Answer 36

An appropriate diagnosis when there is evidence of a modest decline from a previous level of functioning in one or more cognitive domains that DOES NOT interfere with the individual's independence in everyday activities and does not occur only in the context of Delirium. -Subtypes are based on etiology and include ...due to Alzheimer's disease, vascular disease, traumatic brain injury, HIV infection, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's Disease

Answer 37

Diagnosed in the presence of at least TWO characteristic symptoms within several HOURS TO A FEW DAYS following cessation or reduction of alcohol consumption: (a) autonomic reactivity; (b) hand tremor; (c) insomnia; (d) nausea or vomiting; (e) transient illusions or hallucinations; (f) anxiety; (g) psychomotor agitation; (h) generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

Answer 38

Refers to amnestic-confabulatory alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorder. Characterized by anterograde and retrograde amnesia and confabulation and has been linked to a thiamine deficiency. -There are two types of alcohol-induced major neurocognitive disorders: nonamnestic-confabulatory and amnestic confabulatory.

Answer 39

Usually of the insomia type and can be a result of either intoxication or withdrawal

Answer 40

Requires at least ONE manic episode that lasts for at least ONE WEEK, is present most of the day NEARLY EVERY DAY, and includes at least THREE characteristic symptoms - e.g., (a) inflated self-esteem or grandiosity, (b) decreased need for sleep, (c) flight of ideas. -Symptoms cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning, require hospitalization to avoid harm to self or others, or include psychotic features. -This disorder may include one or more episodes of hypomania or major depression.

Answer 41

Treatment includes lithium or an anti-seizure medication and cognitive-behavior therapy or other form of therapy.

Answer 42

Characterized by multiple periods of hypomanic symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a hypomanic episode and multiple episodes of depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for a major depressive episode. Symptoms must last for at least two years in adults and one year in children.

Answer 43

Symptoms must last for at least TWO YEARS in adults and ONE YEAR in children.

Answer 44

Attributes schizophrenia to elevated levels of or oversensitivity to ______.

Answer 45

Diagnosed in the presence of persistent difficulties involving at least ONE of the following: (a) vaginal penetration during intercourse; (b) genito-pelvic pain during intercourse or penetration attempts; (c) anxiety about genito-pelvic pain before, during, or as a result of vaginal penetration; (d) tensing of pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration.

Answer 46

This specifier is applied to Major Depressive, Bipolar I, Bipolar II disorder when there is a temporal relationship between the onset of a mood episode and a particular time of year. -In the northern hemisphere, it most commonly occurs during the winter months. People with ___ usually experience hypersomnia, increased appetite and weight gain, and a craving for carbohydrates.

Answer 47

Requires (1) exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; (2) presence of at least ONE INTRUSION symptoms related to the event; (3) persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event; (4) negative changes in cognition or mood associated with the event; and (5) marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event. -Symptoms must have a duration of MORE THAN ONE month and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

Answer 48

ASD: Requires exposure to actual or threatened death, severe injury, or sexual violation. -At least nine symptoms develop following exposure (can be from ANY of five categories -e.g., intrusion, negative mood, dissociative symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal symptoms), following -Symptoms have a duration of three days BUT LESS THAN one month, and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning. PTSD: Requires (1) exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence; (2) presence of AT LEAST one intrusion symptoms related to the event; (3) persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the event; (4) negative changes in cognition or mood associated with the event; and (5) marked change in arousal and reactivity associated with the event. -Symptoms must have a duration of MORE THAN one month and must cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning

Answer 49

Treatment of choice is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral intervention that incorporates exposure, cognitive restructuring, and anxiety management or similar techniques.

Answer 50

Characterized by a persistent preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control that severely limits the individual's flexibility, openness, and efficiency. -At least FOUR characteristic symptoms must be present -e.g., (1) exhibits perfectionism that interferes with task completion; (2) is excessively devoted to work and productivity to the exclusion of leisure activities and friendships; (3) is reluctant to delegate work to others unless are willing to do it his/her way; (4) adopts a miserly spending style toward self and others.

Answer 51

-Hospitalized children are at an increased risk for emotional and behavioral problems, and children ages one to four tend to have the most negative reactions to hospitalizations. -Children and adolescents with chronic medical conditions have higher rates of school-related problems (e.g., CNS irradiation and intrathecal chemotherapy for leukemia have been linked to impaired neurocognitive functioning and learning disabilities). -Compliance with medical regimens is a particular problem for adolescents.

Answer 52

Involve the development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to ONE OR MORE identifiable psychosocial stressors within three months of the onset of stressor(s). -Symptoms must be clinically significant as evidenced by the presence of marked distress that is not proportional to the severity of the stressor and/or significant impairment in functioning, and they must remit within SIX months after termination of the stressor or its consequences.

Answer 53

Diagnosed when the criteria for Major or Mild Neurocognitive disorder are met, the clinical features are consistent with a vascular etiology, and there is evidence of cerebrovascular disease from the individual's history, a physical examination, and/or neuroimaging that is considered sufficient to account for his/her symptoms.

Answer 54

This disorder typically has a stepwise, fluctuating course with a patchy pattern of symptoms that is determined by the location of the brain damage.

Answer 55

Diagnosed when a person exhibits difficulties related to academic skills as indicated by the presence of at least one characteristic symptom that persists for at least SIX months despite the provision of interventions targeting those difficulties. -Requires that the individual's academic skills are substantially below those expected for his/her age, interfere with academic or occupational performance or activities of daily living, began during the school-age years, and are not better accounted for by another condition or disorder or other factor such as uncorrected visual or auditory impairment or psychosocial adversity.

Answer 56

Characterized by a pattern of inhibited and emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers as manifested by a lack of seeking or responding to comfort when distressed and a persistent social and emotional disturbance. -The dx requires evidence that the child has experienced extreme insufficient care that is believed to be the cause of the disturbed behavior. Symptoms must be apparent before the child is FIVE years of age, and the child must have a developmental age of at least NINE months.

Answer 57

The DSM-5's ____ provides guidelines for assessing four factors: (1) the client's cultural identity; (2) the client's cultural conceptualization of distress; (3) the psychosocial stressors and cultural factors that impact the client's vulnerability and resilience; and (4) cultural factors relevant to the relationship between the client and therapist.

Answer 58

Involves a pervasive pattern of (a) grandiosity, (b) need for admiration, and (c) lack of empathy as indicated by at least FIVE characteristic symptoms: - e.g., (1) has a grandiose sense of self-importance; (2) is preoccupied with fantasies of unlimited success, power, beauty, and love; (3) believes he/she is unique and can be understood only by high-status people; (4) requires excessive admiration; (5) has a sense of entitlement; (6) lacks empathy; (7) is often envious of others or believes others are envious of him/her.

Answer 59

Diagnosed in the presence of (a) deficits in the intellectual functions (e.g., reasoning, problem-solving, abstract thinking); (b) deficits in adaptive functioning that result in a failure to meet community standards of personal independence and social responsibility and impair functioning across multiple environments in one or more activities of daily life; and (c) an onset of intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits during the developmental period. -FOUR degrees of severity (mild, moderate, severe, and profound) are based on adaptive functioning in conceptual, social, and practical domains.

Answer 60

Requires the presence of at least ONE of THREE (1/3) symptoms (marked difficulty in obtaining an erection during sexual activity, marked difficulty in maintaining an erection until completion of sexual activity, marked decrease in erectile rigidity) on all or almost all occasions of sexual activity.

Answer 61

Involves a pervasive pattern and excessive need to be taken care of, which leads to submissive, clinging behavior and a fear of separation as manifested by at least FIVE symptoms. -e.g., (1) has difficulty making decisions without advice and reassurance from others; (2) fears disagreeing with others because it might lead to a loss of support; (3) has difficulty initiating projects on his/her own; (4) goes to great lengths to gain nurturance and support from others; (5) is unrealistically preoccupied with fears of being left to care for him/herself

Answer 62

Characterized by the presence of ONE or more of FOUR characteristic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior) with at least ONE symptom being (a) delusions, (b) hallucinations, (c) or disorganized speech. -Symptoms are present for at least ONE DAY BUT LESS THAN ONE MONTH with an eventual return to full premorbid functioning.

Answer 63

The appropriate dx when the individual has at least SIX symptoms of inattention and/or SIX symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity and symptoms had an onset PRIOR TO 12 years of age, are present in at least TWO SETTINGS (e.g., home and school), and interfere with social, academic, or occupational functioning.

Answer 64

-About 15% of children with ADHD continue to meet full diagnostic criteria for the disorder as young adults -Another 60% meet the criteria for ADHD in partial remission -In adults, inattention predominates the symptom profile.

Answer 65

Included in the DSM-5 with "Other Conditions that May be a Focus of Treatment" and is described as a 'normal reaction to the death of a loved one' (APA, 2013, p.716). -May include symptoms of a major depressive episode, but the individual usually experiences the symptoms as normal and may be seeking treatment for insomnia, anorexia, or other associated symptoms.

Answer 66

Diagnosed when the criteria for Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorder are met, there is an insidious onset and gradual progression of impairment in one or more cognitive domains (or at least two domains for Major Neurocognitive Disorder), and the criteria for probable or possible Alzheimer's Disease are met. -Involves a slow progressive decline in cognitive functioning that can be described in terms of the following stages: -Stage 1: (1 to 3 years) involves anterograde amnesia (especially for declarative memories); deficits in visuospatial skills (wandering); indifference, irritability, and sadness; and anomia (difficulty finding words). -Stage 2: (2 to 10 years) is characterized by increasing retrograde amnesia; flat or labile mood; restlessness and agitation; delusions; fluent aphasia; acalculia; and ideomotor apraxia (inability to translate an idea into movement). -Stage 3: (8 to 12 years) entails severely deteriorated intellectual functioning; apathy; limb rigidity; and uniary and fecal incontinence.

Answer 67

Involves a pervasive pattern of distrust and suspiciousness that entails interpreting the motives of others as malevolent. The dx requires the presence of at least FOUR characteristic symptoms -e.g., (1) suspects that others are exploiting, harming, or deceiving him/her without a sufficient basis for doing so; (2) reads demeaning content into benign remarks or events; (3) persistently bears grudges; (4) is persistently suspicious about the fidelity of his/her spouse or sexual partner without justification.

Answer 68

Involves intense fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual may be exposed to scrutiny by others. -The individual fears that he/she will exhibit anxiety symptoms in these situations that will be negatively evaluated; he/she avoids the situations or endures them with intense fear or anxiety; and his/her anxiety or fear is not proportional to the threat posed by the situations. -The fear, anxiety, and avoidance are persistent and cause clinically significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 69

Exposure with response prevention is an effective treatment, and its benefits may be enhanced when it is combined with social skills training or cognitive restructuring and other cognitive techniques.

Answer 70

(1) good premorbid adjustment, (2) an acute and late onset, (3) female gender, (4) the presence of a precipitating event, (5) a brief duration of active phase symptoms, (6) insight into the illness, (7) a family history of a mood disorder, and (8) no family history of schizophrenia.

Answer 71

Involves a recurrent pattern of an (a) angry/irritable mood, (b) argumentative/defiant behavior, or (c) vindictiveness as evidenced by at least FOUR characteristic symptoms that are exhibited during interactions with at least one person who is not a sibling: -e.g., (1) often loses temper; (2) often argues with authority figures; (3) often actively refuses to comply with requests from authority figures or with rules; (4) often blames others for his/her mistakes.

Answer 72

___ view addiction as an 'overlearned maladaptive habit pattern,' and their ___ therapy focuses on identifying circumstances that increase risk for relapse and implementing cognitive and behavioral strategies that help the client prevent and cope effectively with lapses.

Answer 73

Characterized by dissatisfaction with sleep quality or quantity that is associated with at least ONE characteristic symptom: -e.g., (1) difficulty initiating sleep; (2) difficulty maintaining sleep; (3) early morning awakening with an inability to return to sleep. -The sleep disturbance occurs at least THREE nights each week, has been present for at least THREE months, occurs despite sufficient opportunities for sleep, and causes significant distress or impaired functioning.

Answer 74

Involves repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes at least TWO TIMES a week for THREE OR MORE consecutive months. -Urination is usually involuntary but can be intentional and is not due to substance use or a medical condition. -___is diagnosed only when the individual is at least FIVE years old or the equivalent developmental level. -The bell and pad (urine alarm) is the most common treatment.

Answer 75

Involves one or more delusions that last at least ONE MONTH. Overall psychosocial functioning is not markedly impaired, and any impairment is directly related to the delusions. -These are the subtypes: erotomanic, grandiose, jealous, persecutory, somatic, mixed, and unspecified.

Answer 76

A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity. At least FIVE characteristic symptoms must be present: -e.g., (1) frantic efforts to avoid abandonment, (2) pattern of unstable, intense interpersonal relationships that are marked by fluctuations between idealization and devaluation; (3) an identity disturbance involving a persistent instability in self-image or sense of self; (4) recurrent suicide threats or gestures; (5) transient stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms.

Answer 77

Characterized by a pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that has occurred since age 15 and involves at least THREE characteristic symptoms: -e.g., (1) failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior; (2) deceitfulness; (3) impulsivity; (4) reckless disregard for the safety of self and others; (5) lack of remorse. -Must be at least 18 years old and have a history of conduct disorder before 15 years of age.

Answer 78

Characterized by a 'cluster of cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms indicating that the individual continues using the substance despite significant substance-related problems' (APA, 2013, p.483) as manifested by at least TWO symptoms during a 12 MONTH period: -e.g., (1) substance used in larger amounts or for a longer period of time than intended; (2) persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control use; (3) craving for the substance; (4) recurrent substance use despite persistent social problems caused or worsened by substance use; (5) recurrent substance use in situations in which it is phsycially dangerous to do so; (6) tolerance; (7) withdrawal.

Answer 79

Involves a pervasive pattern of detachment from interpersonal relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in social settings with at least FOUR characteristic symptoms: -e.g., (1) doesn't desire or enjoy close relationships; (2) almost always chooses solitary activities; (3) has little interest in sexual relationships; (4) takes pleasure in few activities; (5) lacks close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives; (6) exhibits emotional coldness or detachment.