Abnormal Psychology Flashcards
study of the nature, symptomatology, development and treatment of psychological disorders
psychopathology
challenges to the study of psychopathology
- maintaining objectivity
- avoiding preconceived notions
- reducing stigma
- breakdown in cognitive, emotional or behavioral functioning
- internal mechanism is unable to perform its usual function
psychological dysfunction
a person’s behavior may be classified as disordered if it causes him or her great distress
personal distress
impairment in some important area of life
disability
- reaction is outside cultural norms
- something is considered abnormal because it occurs infrequently
violation of social norms
is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning
mental disorder
they begin suddenly
acute onset
develop gradually
insidious onset
disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern
course
they tend to last a long time
chronic course
likely to recover and to suffer a recurrence
episodic course
will improve without treatment in a relatively short period
time-limited course
anticipated course of a disorder
prognosis
the doctrine that an evil being or spirit can dwell within a person and control his or her mind and body thereby can be treated by exorcism
demonology
the ritualistic casting out of evil spirits
exorcism
cutting holes to the skull in the belief that evil spirits may come out
trephination
patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold water
hydrotherapy
four humors:
blood, black bile, yellow bile & phlegm
was viewed as instigated by Satan, was seen as heresy and a denial of God
witchcraft
municipal authorities assumed responsibility for care of mentally ill
lunacy trials
trials held to determine sanity
lunacy trials
attributes insanity to misalignment of moon and stars
lunacy
characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior
mass hysteria
characterized as a time of extreme cultural and scientific growth, and a decline of religious influence
renaissance and the rise of asylums
first physician to specialize in illnesses of the mind
johann weyer
pioneered humanitarian treatment at LaBicetre
philippe pinel and jean-baptiste pussin
is said to have begun to treat the patients as sick human beings rather than as beasts
pinel
he unchained the patients and allowed them to move freely about the hospital grounds
pinel
small, privately funded, humanitarian mental hospitals
moral treatment
was bringing similar reforms to northern England
william tuke (1732-1819)
he founded the York Retreat, a rural estate where about 30 mental patients lived
william tuke
- mental hygiene movement
- crusader for prisoners and mentally ill
dorothea dix
established the germ theory of disease, which set forth the view that disease is caused by infection of the body by minute organisms
louis pasteur (1860s)
degenerative disorder with psychological symptoms and individuals with this also have syphilis
general paresis
lead to notion that mental illness can be inherited
galton
extent to which behavioral differences are due to genetics
behavioral genetics
promotion of enforced sterilization to eliminate undesirable characteristics from the population
eugenics
inducing a coma with large dosages of insulin
insulin-coma therapy
applying electric shocks that produce epileptic seizures to the sides of the human head
electroconvulsive therapy
a surgical procedure that destroys the tracts connecting the frontal lobes to other areas of the brain
prefrontal lobotomy
developed insulin-coma therapy
manfred sakel (1927)
developed ECT
cerletti and bini (1938)
developed prefrontal lobotomy
egas moniz (1935)
pioneered classification of mental illness based on biological causes
emil kraeplin
two major syndromes kraeplin proposed:
- dementia praecox
- manic-depressive psychosis
- treated patients with hysteria using “animal magnetism”
- early practitioner of hypnosis called mesmerism
mesmer (1734-1815)
according to him, hysteric symptoms could be removed through hypnosis
jean martin charcot (1825-1893)
used hypnosis to facilitate catharsis, the case of Anna O.
josef breuer (1842-1925)
release of emotional tension triggered by reliving and talking about event
catharsis
human behavior determined by unconscious forces
psychoanalytic theory
first proponent of the modern field of ego psychology
anna freud
focused on a theory of the formation of self-concept and the crucial attributes of the self
heinz kohut
- broke with freud in 1914
- analytical psychology
- collective unconscious
carl jung
- individual psychology}
- created the term inferiority complex
alfred adler
regarded people as inextricably tied to their society because he believed that fulfillment was found in doing things for the social good
individual psychology
theory of development across the life span (psychosocial development)
erik erikson
a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
classical conditioning
developed classical conditioning
pavlov
- behaviorism
- revolutionized psychology in 1913
- little albert
john watson
- emphasis on learning rather than innate tendencies
- focus on observable behavior
behaviorism
was one of the first psychologists to use behavioral techniques to free a patient from phobia
mary cover jones
proposed systematic desensitization
joseph wolpe
added another element by having patients do something that was incompatible with fear while they were in the presence of the dreaded object or situation
systematic desensitization
principle of reinforcement
B.F Skinner
behaviors followed by pleasant stimuli are strengthened
positive reinforcement
behaviors that terminate a negative stimulus are strengthened
negative reinforcement
- learning by imitating other’s behavior
- can occur without reinforcement
modeling
- self-actualizing was the watchword for this movement
- all of us could reach our highest potential, in all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow
humanistic theory
- most systematic in describing the structure of personality
- postulated a hierarchy of needs
abraham maslow
originated client-centered therapy
carl rogers
kind of therapy where the therapist takes a passive role, making as few interpretations as possible
client centered therapy or person-centered therapy
developed a cognitive therapy for depression
aaron beck
according to him, sustained emotional reactions are caused by internal sentences that people repeat to themselves
albert ellis
developed rational-emotive behavior therapy
albert ellis
this paradigm shows how behavior, abnormal behavior and psychopathology are being influenced by the interaction of the genes and the environment
genetic-environment paradigm
although neither behavior nor mental disorders are determined exclusively by the genes, there is substantial evidence that many mental disorders show some genetic influence
genetic vulnerabilities
means that a given person’s sensitivity or reaction to an environmental event is influence by genes
gene-environment interaction
examines the contribution of brain structure and function to psychopathology
neuroscience
chemicals that allow neurons to send a signal across the synapse to another neuron
neurotransmitter
reabsorption of leftover neurotransmitter by presynaptic neuron
reuptake
enables muscle action, learning, and memory
acetylcholine
influences movement, learning, attention and emotion
dopamine
affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal
serotonin
helps control alertness and arousal
norepinephrine
a major inhibitory neurotransmitter
GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)
a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory
glutamate
focuses on how children come to develop symbolic representations of important others in their lives, especially their parents
object relations theory
the essence of the theory is that the type or style of an infant’s attachment to this or her caregivers can set the stage for psychological health or problems later in life
attachment theory
the ego is strong enough to control the instincts of the id and to withstand the condemnation of the superego
normality
responses are acquired and strengthened by their consequences
operant conditioning
changes in the environment that increase the frequency of the preceding behavior
reinforcers
are aversive stimuli that decrease the frequency of the behavior they follow
punishment
presenting the aversive stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior
positive punishment
removal of a reinforcing stimulus to decrease the frequency of the behavior
negative punishment
expanded traditional learning theory by including roles for thinking, or cognition, and learning by observation
social-cognitive theory
two principal figures in humanistic psychology, believed that people have an inborn tendency toward self-actualization
carl rogers and abraham maslow
to strive to become all they are capable of being
self-actualization
cognitive theorists that have postulated that distorted or irrational thinking patterns can lead to emotional problems and maladaptive behavior
albert ellis and aaron beck
believed that troubling events in themselves do not to anxiety, depression or disturbed behavior
albert ellis
ABC
activating events - belief - consequences
proposed that depression may result from errors in thinking or cognitive distortions
aaron beck
people may selectively abstract (focus exclusively on) the parts of their experiences that reveal their flaws and ignore evidence of their competencies
selective abstraction
people may overgeneralize from a few isolated experiences
overgeneralization
people may blow out of proportion, or magnify, the importance of unfortunate events
magnification
is seeing the world in black and white terms, rather than in shades of gray
absolutist thinking
holds that people from lower socioeconomic groups are at greater risk of severe behavior problems because living in poverty subjects them to a greater level of social stress than that faced by more well-to-do people
social causation model
suggests that problem behaviors, such as alcoholism, lead people to drift downward in social status
downward drift hypothesis
posits that psychological disorders arise from an interaction of vulnerability factors and stressful life experiences
diathesis-stress model
- underlying predisposition, may be biological or psychological
- increases one’s risk of developing disorder
diathesis
- environmental events
- may occur at any point after conception
- triggering event
- psychopathology unlikely to result from one single factor
stress
- commonly referred to as “talk therapy”
- a structured from of treatment based on a psychological framework and comprising one or more verbal interchanges between a client and a therapist
psychotherapy
used to treat psychological disorders to help clients change maladaptive behaviors or solve problems in living, or to help them develop their unique potentials
psychotherapy
- personal distress
- deviance from cultural norms
- statistical infrequency
- impaired social functioning
abnormality
failure of mental mechanism to perform a function naturally
dysfunction
is characterized by deficits in general mental abilities
intellectual disability
characterized by deficits in the development and use of language, speech, and social communication, respectively
communication disorders
characterized by disturbances of the normal fluency and motor production of speech
stuttering (childhood-onset fluency disorder)
persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts deficits in social reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and skills in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
autism spectrum disorder
presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
autism spectrum disorder
defined by impairing levels of inattentions, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity
ADHD
entail inability to stay on task, seeming not to listen, and losing materials, at levels that are inconsistent with age or developmental level
inattention and disorganization
entails overactivity, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, intruding into other people’s activities, and inability to wait
hyperactivity-impulsivitiy
diagnosed when there are specific deficits in an individual’s ability to perceive or process information efficiently and accurately
specific learning disorder (SLD)
deficits in the acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills and is manifested by clumsiness and slowness or inaccuracy of performance of motor skills that cause interference with activities of daily living
developmental coordination disorder
repetitive, seemingly driven, and apparently purposeless motor behaviors
stereotypic movement disorder
characterized by the presence of motor or vocal tics
tic disorders
- pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits
- cognitive or perceptual distortions
- eccentricities of behavior usually beginning by early adulthood but in some cases first becoming apparent in
childhood and adolescence - abnormalities of beliefs, thinking and perception are below the threshold for the diagnosis of a psychotic disorder
schizotypal personality disorder
- characterized by at least 1 month of delusions but no other psychotic symptoms
- has not met criteria for schizophrenia
- functional impairment within the specific impact of the delusion
- the duration of manic and depressive episodes have been brief relative to the duration of delusion
delusional disorder
one or more of the symptoms in schizophrenia that lasts more than 1 day and remits by 1 month
brief psychotic disorder
characterized by a symptomatic presentation equivalent to that of schizophrenia except for its duration (less than 6 months) and the absence of a requirement for a decline in functioning
schizophreniform disorder
- two or more of the following symptoms for at least 1 month; one symptom should be either 1, 2 or 3:
1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganized speech
4. disorganized or catatonic behavior
5. negative symptoms (diminished motivation or emotional expression) - functional impairment in one or more areas
- signs of disorder for at least 6 months
schizophrenia
a mood episode and the active-phase symptoms of schizophrenia occur together and were preceded or are followed by at least 2 weeks of delusions or hallucinations without prominent mood symptoms
schizoaffective disorder
- criteria for manic episode is a must; hypomanic and MDE not required
- more severe
bipolar I
at least 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents) of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that do not meet criteria for both
cyclothymic disorder
at least one episode of hypomania and one episode of major depression
bipolar II
cluster A (odd/eccentric)
- paranoid
- schizoid
- schizotypal
cluster B (dramatic/emotional)
- antisocial
- borderline
- histrionic
- narcissistic
cluster C (anxious/fearful)
- avoidant
- dependent
- obsessive-compulsive
period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy (min. 1 week)
manic episode
period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal-directed activity or energy (min. 4 days-7 days)
hypomanic episode
- sad mood or loss of pleasure in usual activities
- sleeping too much or too little
- psychomotor retardation or agitation
- weight loss or change in appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty concentrating, thinking or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
- symptoms are present nearly every day, most of the day for at least 2 weeks
major depressive episode
- depressed mood for most of the day more than half of the time for 2 years (or 1 year for children and adolescents) at least two of the following during that time:
- poor appetite or overeating
- sleeping too much or too little
- poor self-esteem
- low energy
- trouble concentrating or making decisions
- feelings of hopelessness
persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
- severe recurrent outbursts manifested verbally and/or behaviorally that is out of proportion to the situation or provocation
- outbursts are inconsistent with age
- occur 3 ore more times per week; symptoms are present for 12 or more months (should not have 3 consecutive months without symptoms)
- mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day
- diagnosis should not be made before age 6 or after age 18
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
single or multiple motor and/or vocal tics (less than 1 year)
provisional tic disorder
both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics (minimum 1 year; may not be present concurrently)
tourette’s disorder
single or multiple motor OR vocal tics (must not be both; minimum 1 year)
persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder
expression of mood lability, irritability, dysphoria, and anxiety symptoms that occur repeatedly during the premenstrual phase of the cycle and remit around the onset of menses or shortly thereafter
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
- marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by specific objects or situations
- the object or situation is avoided or else endured with intense anxiety
- symptoms persists at least 6 months
- the fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
specific phobia
- marked and disproportionate fear consistently triggered by exposure to potential social scrutiny
- exposure to the trigger leads to intense anxiety about being evaluated negatively
- trigger situations are avoided or else endured with intense anxiety
- symptoms persist for at least 6 months
- the fear, anxiety, or avoidance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
- if another medical condition is present, the fear, anxiety or avoidance is clearly unrelated or is excessive
social anxiety disorder
- recurrent unexpected panic attacks
- at least 1 month of concern about the possibility or more attacks, worry about the consequences of an attack, or maladaptive behavioral changes because of the attacks
panic disorder
- disproportionate and marked fear or anxiety about at least 2 situations where it would be difficult to escape or receive help in the event of incapacitation, embarrassing symptoms, or panic-like symptoms
- these situations consistently provoke fear or anxiety
- these situations are avoided, require the presence of a companion, or are endured with intense fear or anxiety
- symptoms last at least 6 months
agoraphobia
- excessive anxiety and worry at least 50% of days about a number of events or activities
- the person finds it hard to control the worry
- the worry is sustained for at least 6 months
- the anxiety and worry are associated with at least three (or one in children) of the following: restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge; easily fatigued; difficulty concentrating or mind going blank; irritability; muscle tension; sleep disturbance
generalized anxiety disorder
- developmentally inappropriate and excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from those to whom the individual is attached
- the fear, anxiety, or avoidance is persistent, lasting at least 4 weeks in children and adolescents and typically 6 months or more in adults
separation anxiety disorder
- consistent failure to speak in social situations in which there is an expectation to speak even though the individual speaks in other situations
- at least 1 month
selective mutism
characterized by obsessions or compulsions
obsessive-compulsive disorder
are intrusive and recurring thoughts, images or impulses that are persistent and uncontrollable
obsessions
are repetitive, clearly excessive behaviors or mental acts that the person feels driven to perform to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessive thoughts or to prevent some calamity from occurring
compulsive
- preoccupation with one ore more perceived defects in appearance
- the person has performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts in response
- the preoccupation with appearance can interfere with many aspects of occupational and social functioning
- preoccupation is not restricted to concerns about body weight or body fat
body dysmorphic disorder
- persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value
- perceived need to save items and distress associated with discarding
hoarding disorder
- recurrent pulling out of one’s hair, resulting in hair loss
- repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling
trichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)
- recurrent skin picking resulting in skin lesions
- repeated attempts to decrease or stop skin picking
excoriation (skin-picking) disorder
- absence or grossly underdeveloped attachment between the child and putative caregiving adults
- a persistent social and emotional disturbance
- child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care
- disturbance is evident before age 5
- child has a developmental age of at least 9 months
reactive attachment disorder
- a pattern of behavior in which a child actively approaches and interacts with unfamiliar adults
- the behaviors are not limited to impulsivity
- child has experienced a pattern of extremes of insufficient care
disinhibited social engagement disorder
- exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence
- Presence of intrusion symptoms (1)
- Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event/s (1)
- Negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with the traumatic events (2)
- Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with the traumatic event/s (2)
- more than one month
- Functional Impairment
post traumatic stress disorder
- Fairly similar to those of PTSD, but the duration is shorter
- Symptoms occur between 3 days and 1 month after a trauma
acute stress disorder
- The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressors) occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s).
- These symptoms or behaviors are clinically significant, as evidenced by one or both of the following:
- Marked distress that is out of proportion to the severity or intensity of the stressor
- The symptoms do not represent normal bereavement.
- Once the stressor or its consequences have terminated, the symptoms do not persist for more than an additional 6 months
adjustment disorder
- Inability to remember important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is too extensive to be ordinary forgetfulness
- Functional Impairment and significant distress
- The amnesia is not explained by substances or medical condition
- Specify dissociative fugue subtype if:
• the amnesia is associated with bewildered or apparently purposeful wandering
dissociative amnesia
- Presence of persistent and recurrent experiences of depersonalization and derealization
- Reality testing remains intact
depersonalization/derealization disorder
Experiences of detachment from one’s mental processes or body, as though one is in a dream
depersonalization
Experiences of unreality of surroundings
derealization
• Disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states (alters) or an experience of possession. This disruption may be observed by others or reported by the patient.
• Recurrent gaps in recalling events or important personal information that are beyond ordinary forgetting
• Functional impairment
• Symptoms are not part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice, and are not due to drugs or a medical condition (In children, symptoms are not better explained by an imaginary playmate or by fantasy play)
• Not attributable to physiological effects of substance or another medical condition
dissociative identity disorder
- One or more somatic symptoms that are distressing or result in significant disruption in daily life
- Excessive thoughts, feelings or behaviors related to the seriousness of the somatic symptoms as manifested in at least 1 of the ff:
• Persistent thoughts about the seriousness of the of one’s symptoms
• Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms
• Excessive time or energy devoted to these symptoms - Duration of at least 6 months
somatic symptom disorder
- Preoccupation with fears of having a serious disease
- No significant somatic symptoms present
- These fears must lead to excessive care seeking or maladaptive avoidance behaviors
- Duration of at least 6 months
- Not better explained by another mental disorder
illness anxiety disorder
- One or more symptoms affecting voluntary motor or sensory function
• People may experience partial or complete paralysis of arms or legs; People may experience partial or complete paralysis of arms or legs; seizures and coordination disturbances; a sensation of prickling, tingling, or creeping on the skin; insensitivity to pain; or anesthesia
conversion disorder
- People with this disorder fake or manufacture physical or psychological symptoms, but without any apparent motive.
- The person presents himself to others as ill or injured
- Deceptive behavior is evident
factitious disorder
the person presents himself or herself to others as ill, impaired, or injured
Factitious disorder on self (Münchausen Syndrome)
The person fabricates symptoms in another person and then presents that person to others as ill, impaired, or injured
Factitious disorder imposed on another
- Persistent eating of nonnutritive, nonfood substances over a period of at least 1 month.
- Inappropriate to the developmental level of the individual (A minimum age of 2 years is suggested for a pica diagnosis)
- The eating behavior is not part of a culturally supported or socially normative practice.
pica disorder
- Repeated regurgitation of food over a period of at least 1 month. Regurgitated food may be re- chewed, re-swallowed, or spit out.
- The repeated regurgitation is not attributable to an associated gastrointestinal or other medical condition (e.g., gastrosophageal reflux, pyloric stenosis).
rumination disorder
- Avoidance or restriction of food intake manifested by clinically significant failure to meet requirements for nutrition or insufficient energy intake through oral intake of food.
- The disturbance is not better explained by lack of available food or by an associated culturally sanctioned practice.
avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
- Restriction of food that leads to very low body weight body weight is significantly below normal
- Intense fear of weight gain or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain, even though at a significantly low weight.
- Body image disturbance or persistent lack of recognition of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
anorexia nervosa
- Female Sexual interest/arousal disorder
- Male Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
- Erectile disorder
Disorders Involving Sexual Interest, Desire, and Arousal
- Female orgasmic disorder
- Early ejaculation
- delayed ejaculation disorder
orgasmic disorder
Diminished, absent, or reduced frequency of at least three of the following for 6 months or more:
- Interest in sexual activity
- Erotic thoughts or fantasies
- Initiation of sexual activity and responsiveness to partner’s attempts to initiate
- Sexual excitement/pleasure during 75 percent of sexual encounters
- Sexual interest/arousal elicited by any internal or external erotic cues
- Genital or nongenital sensations during 75 percent of sexual encounters
female sexual interest/arousal disorder
- Persistently or recurrently deficient (or absent) sexual/erotic thoughts or fantasies and desire for sexual activity. The judgment of deficiency is made by the clinician.
- The symptoms in Criterion A have persisted for a minimum duration of approximately 6 months
- The symptoms in Criterion A cause clinically significant distress in the individual.
male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
On at least 75 percent of sexual occasions for 6 months:
- Inability to attain an erection, or
- Inability to maintain an erection for completion of sexual activity, or
- Marked decrease in erectile rigidity interferes with penetration or pleasure
erectile disorder
On at least 75 percent of sexual occasions for 6 months:
- Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, or
- Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensation
female orgasmic disorder
Tendency to ejaculate during partnered sexual activity within 1 minute of sexual activity on at least 75 percent of sexual occasions for 6 months
early ejaculation
Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm on at least 75 percent of sexual occasions for 6 months
delayed ejaculation disorder
• Persistent or recurrent difficulties for at least 6 months with at least one of the following:
• Inability to have vaginal/ penetration during intercourse
• Marked vulvovaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal penetration or intercourse attempts
• Marked fear or anxiety about pain or penetration
• Marked tensing of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration
genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
- Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the exposure of one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
- The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
exhibitionistic disorder
• Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
• The individual has acted on these sexual urges with a nonconsenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
• The individual experiencing the arousal and/or acting on the urges is at least 18 years of age.
voyeuristic disorder
- Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the act of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
sexual masochism disorder
- Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from the physical or psychological suffering of another person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
sexual sadism disorder
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from either the use of nonliving objects or a highly specific focus on nongenital body parts), as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
fetishistic disorder
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
frotteuristic disorder
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexual arousal from
crossdressing, as manifested by fantasies, urges, or behaviors.
transvestic disorder
Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).
pedophilic disorder
A marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender, of at least 6 months’ duration
• Strong desire to be a member of the other gender or strongly expressing the belief that one is a member of the other gender
• Strong preferences for playing with members of the other gender and for toys, games, and activities associated with the other gender
• Strong feelings of disgust and personal distress about one’s sexual anatomy
• Strong desires to have physical characteristics associated with one’s experienced
gender
• Strong preferences for assuming roles of the other gender in make believe or fantasy play
• Strong preferences for wearing clothing typically associated with the other gender and rejection of clothing associated with one’s own gender
gender dysphoria
- A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months
- the disturbance in behavior is associated with distress
- The behaviors do not occur exclusively during the course of a psychotic, substance use, depressive, or bipolar disorder. Also, the criteria are not met for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
oppositional defiant disorder
- Recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses
- The magnitude of aggressiveness expressed during the recurrent outbursts is grossly out of proportion to the provocation
- The recurrent aggressive outbursts are not premeditated and are not committed to achieve some tangible objective
intermittent explosive disorder
- A repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age- appropriate societal norms or rules are violated, as manifested by the presence of the following criteria in the past 12 months; 6 months duration
- Aggression to People and Animals
- Destruction of Property
- Deceitful ness or Theft
- Serious Violations of Rules
- Functional impairment
- If the individual is age 18 years or older, criteria are not met for antisocial personality disorder
conduct disorder
• Deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion
• Tension or affective arousal before the act
• Fascination with, interest in, curiosity about, or attraction to fire and its situational contexts
• Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or when witnessing or participating in their aftermath.
pyromania
Recurrent failure to resist impulses to steal objects that are not needed for personal use or for their monetary value.
kleptomania
A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress
substance use disorder
Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress, as indicated by the individual exhibiting four (or more) of the symptoms
gambling disorder
Presence of four or more of the following signs of distrust and suspiciousness, beginning by early adulthood and shown in many contexts:
paranoid
Presence of four or more of the following signs of interpersonal detachment and restricted emotion are present from early adulthood across many contexts:
- Lack of desire for or enjoyment of close relationships
- Almost always prefers solitude to companionship
- Little interest in sex
- Few or no pleasurable activities
- Lack of friends
- Indifference to praise or criticism
- Flat affect, emotional detachment
schizoid
- Age at least 18
Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15
Pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since the age of 15 as shown by at least three of the following: - Repeated lawbreaking
- Deceitfulness, lying
- Impulsivity
- Irritability and aggressiveness
- Reckless disregard for own safety and that of others
- Irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment or financial history
- Lack of remorse
antisocial
Presence of five or more of the following in many contexts beginning by early adulthood:
- Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment
- Unstable interpersonal relationships in which others are either idealized or devalued
- Unstable sense of self
- Self-damaging, impulsive behaviors in at least two areas, such as spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating
- Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behavior (e.g., cutting self)
- Marked mood reactivity
- Chronic feelings of emptiness
- Recurrent bouts of intense or poorly controlled anger
- During stress, a tendency to experience transient paranoid thoughts an dissociative symptoms
borderline
Presence of five or more of the following signs of excessive emotionality and attention seeking shown in many contexts by early adulthood:
- Strong need to be the center of attention
- Inappropriate sexually seductive behavior
- Rapidly shifting expression of emotions
- Use of physical appearance to draw attention to self
- Speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail
- Exaggerated, theatrical emotional expression
- Overly suggestible
Misreads relationships as more intimate than they are
histrionic
Presence of five or more of the following shown by early adulthood in many contexts:
- Grandiose view of one’s importance
- Preoccupation with one’s success, brilliance, beauty
- Belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people
- Extreme need for admiration
- Strong sense of entitlement
- Tendency to exploit others
- Lack of empathy
- Envious of others
- Arrogant behavior or attitudes
narcissistic
