Abnormal psy

Question 1

what is a conceptual definition

Answer 1

Conceptual definitions can be a statistical deviation from the norm, deviation from social or cultural norm, or deviation from the concept of ideal mental health.

Question 2

what is a practical definition

Answer 2

Practical definitions are based on what can be observed, rather than variance from a norm.

Question 3

what is the ERQ for abnormality

Answer 3

‘Discuss concepts of normality and abnormality’, or something like that.

Question 4

show research that demonstrates cultural differences.

Answer 4

Bolton (2002) or Parker et al (2001)

Question 5

Studies that show how people may be mislabelled based on a single symptom

Answer 5

Rosenhan’s “Being Sane in Insane Places” study.

Question 6

Aim of Bolton 2002

Answer 6

to determine the extent of which people expreciended depression after experiencing trauma

Question 7

procedure of Bolton 2002

Answer 7

case study, Rwanda, three interview styles

free list: generated free lists by asking 40 people to name all the problems that had resulted from the genocide and to briefly describe each one the pulled out symptoms and related to mental health disorder

key informant interviews: participants were asked for the names of people in the community who were knowledgeable of these problems - and further interviews were then carried out

pile sorts: cards were made with symptoms taken from fist interview describing mental health disorders and then from the DSM and the local healers were asked to sot out based on similarity.

they then used these common symptoms in their questionnaires to determine depression prevalence

Question 8

results of Bolton 2002

Answer 8

After the questionnaire 93 people identified as having mental health issues. 70 were diagnosed by local healers as showing the symptoms of agahinda gakabije. 7.9 percent met the DSM criteria for depression and 41.8 percent described themselves as having agahinda gakabije.

Question 9

aim of Parker et al 2001

Answer 9

Parker et al (2001) carried out a study to determine the extent to which symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder differed between Chinese and Australian patients

Question 10

procedure of Parker et al 2001

Answer 10

sample 50 Malaysian Chinese heritage, 50 Australian caucasian heritage. All participants were previously diagnosed with only depression.

Questionnaire was based on two set of symptoms, the first was a set of mood and cognitive items in westerns diagnostic tools. and the other set was a list of somatic symptoms observed by Singaporean psychiatrists.
The patients were asked to judge the extent to which they had experienced each of the 39 symptoms in the last week.

They had only four options: all the time, most of the time, some of the time, and not at all. they were also asked to rank each symptom based on how distressing it was

Question 11

result of Parker et al 2001

Answer 11

When looking at which symptom led them to seek help, 60% of the Chinese participants identified a somatic symptom, compared to only 13% of the Australian sample.

Question 12

what was the aim of Li-Repac (1980)

Answer 12

to test the role of cultural stereotyping in diagnoses

Question 13

what was the procedure of Li-Repac (1980)

Answer 13

Sample: 5 white and 5 Chinese men all diagnosed with mental health disorders diagnosed by both 5 white and 5 Chinese therapists

Question 14

what were results of Li-Repac (1980)

Answer 14

Three of the Chinese were diagnosed with schizophrenia, 1 neurotic, and 1 reactive depressive. Of the white patients, 2 were diagnosed as schizophrenic, one as neurotic, one as character disorder, and one as reactive depressive. All of the Chinese patients were born either in China or Hong Kong.

Question 15

what was the aim of Rosenhan (1973)

Answer 15

Rosenhan investigated the validity of an initial diagnosis

Question 16

what was the procedure of Rosenhan (1973)

Answer 16

Rosenhan used eight pseudo-patients - that is, confederates - who would act the part of someone seeking help in a hospital. There were 5 men and 3 women of various ages.
the pseudo-patients told the doctors in the hospitals they were hearing voices. After being admitted to the hospital they acted completely normal

Question 17

what were the results of Rosenhan 1973

Answer 17

11 were released with a diagnosis of “schizophrenia in remission,” and one with a diagnosis of “manic depressive psychosis.” The length of stay ranged from 7 to 52 days, with an average of 19 days. even though the pseudo-patients showed no symptoms or abnormality they remained with eh first diagmoses.

Question 18

what are the 4 types of symptoms

Answer 18

cognitive, somatic, behavioural affective

Question 19

what is an etic approach

Answer 19

behaviour is described in terms that can be applied across all cultures. (researcher tries to be culturally neutral)

Question 20

what is an emic approach

Answer 20

behaviour is described in terms unique to a particular culture

Question 21

what are the three classification systems

Answer 21

the American DSM-5, the world health organisations ICD-11, and the Chinese CCMD

Question 22

identify differences between the DSM and the ICD

Answer 22

-ICD multidisciplinary and multilingual
-ICD likely to indicate causes rather than purely symptoms.
- ICD approved by the health ministers of all 193 WHO member countries
-DSM is approved by the assembly of the American Psychiatric Association.
-The ICD is distributed at a very low cost, with substantial discounts to low-income countries, and available free on the Internet
-DSM generates a very substantial portion of the American Psychiatric Association’s revenue.

Question 23

what is sick role bias

Answer 23

assumption that if a person is seeking assistance, s/he must have a mental disorder

Question 24

what is reactivity

Answer 24

the person is being observed or asked personal questions may increase anxiety and therefore change or intensify behaviour

Question 25

what is anchoring bias

Answer 25

either focusing on initial symptoms described and basing diagnosis of of that or not changing diagnosis despite new evidence

Question 26

what was the aim of friedlander and Stockman (1983)

Answer 26

Friedlander and Stockman (1983) carried out a study to determine the role of anchoring bias in diagnosis

Question 27

what was the procedure of Friedlander and Stockman

Answer 27

Sample- 46 US Clinicians repeated measure design,

Clinicians were given two different case studies. Joanne was a severe case of depression with a rather dramatic suicide attempt; Gina was less severe with some symptoms of anorexic behaviors.

Each participant read five consecutive interviews per case. Participants were asked to evaluate the level of functioning and the prognosis after each interview. The score after the final interview is what was compared. The study was counter-balanced. Some read Joanne first, and some read Gina first.

The time at which the essential information ws given to the clinicians was either early or late. so they either learnt about Joanne’s suicide attempt or ginas anorexic behaviour either in the the first interviews or the last.

Question 28

results of friedlander and stockman (1983)

Answer 28

In the more severe case they did not show a significant anchoring effect. In other words, regardless of when they read about the suicide attempt, there was no effect on their final diagnosis and prognosis.

in the less severe condition,the participants that read the evidence of mental illness in the first interview indicated a lower level of functionality and a poorer prognosis than the clinicians that received the information later. However, in the group that had more mild symptoms in the first interview, the rating that they gave also served as an anchor which resulted in a less severe diagnosis and a better prognosis

Question 29

what is the prestige effect

Answer 29

It refers to a clinician not being willing to change a diagnosis made by a more senior/respected doctor, even if they suspected the more senior doctor is wrong.

Question 30

what was the aim of temerlin 1970

Answer 30

To investigate the effect of labeling/prestige effect on psychiatric diagnosis.

Question 31

what was the procedure of Temerlin 1970

Answer 31

• Clinical psychologists watched a video taped interview of a healthy indiv.
• Control group #1: pps were given no prior information
• Control group #2: pps were told he was mentally healthy.
• Experimental group: heard a respected psychologist say, “a very interesting man bc he looked neurotic, but actually was quite psychotic.”

–> This is a prestige effect which is defined as when a previous well respected clinical diagnosis patients, & causes bias in diagnosis of the second clinician, caused by the need to conform, & possible social desirability effect.

• After watching it, participants selected their best-guess diagnosis from a list of 30 which included “normal/healthy personality”.

Question 32

what were the results of Temerlin 1970

Answer 32

• 60% of the psychiatrists diagnosed the patient as psychotic.
• Control group: none of the pps made this diagnosis.

Question 33

what is confirmation bias

Answer 33

refers to the clinician preferring evidence (or identifying evidence) that confirms their diagnosis, and ignoring (or downplaying) evidence which does not.

Question 34

what was the aim of Mendal et al 2011

Answer 34

to study whether psychiatrists and medical students are prone to confirmation bias.

Question 35

what was the procedure of Mendal et al 2011

Answer 35

75 psychiatrists with a mean 6 years of experience and 75 fourth year medical students. Participants were presented with a short snip of information about a patient. They were asked to choose a preliminary diagnosis of either Alzheimer’s disease or depression (the obvious choice being depression). But they were given narratives that leaned towards Alzheimer’s.

Question 36

what were the results of Mendal 2011

Answer 36

13% of psychiatrists and 25% of medical students showed confirmation bias when searching for new information after having made a preliminary diagnosis

Question 37

what was the aim of Swami (2012)

Answer 37

To investigate if gender stereotyping had an effect on diagnosis.

Question 38

what was the procedure of swami 2012

Answer 38

1218 British adults were given a survey which included a short description (vignette) of an individual who met the criteria of the DSM-IV and the ICD-10 for depression. The difference between the two conditions was only the gender of the individual - where one read about “Jack” (male) and the other read about “Kate” (female). They were asked if they believe the individual described in the vignette to be suffering from a mental health disorder.

Question 39

what were the results of swami 2012

Answer 39

Participants were less likely to identify the male (Jack) from suffering from a mental health disorder than the female (Kate).

Question 40

what is the definition of validity

Answer 40

“the extent to which a test actually tests what it is meant to test.”

Question 41

what is the definition of reliability

Answer 41

how likely is it that this test will give the same result multiple times in a row

Question 42

aim of Cooper et al

Answer 42

to investigate reliability of diagnosis of depression and schizophrenia

Question 43

procedure of Cooper et al

Answer 43

researchers asked American and British psychiatrists to diagnose patients by watching a number of videotaped clinical interviews;

Question 44

results of Cooper et al 1972

Answer 44

New York psychiatrists were twice as likely to diagnose schizophrenia than London psychiatrists, who were twice as likely to diagnose mania or depression when shown the same videotaped clinical interviews

Question 45

what was the aim of lipton and Simon 1985

Answer 45

To test the reliability of diagnosis.

Question 46

what was the procedure of lipton and Simon 1985

Answer 46

Participants
131 patients randomly selected from a hospital
all diagnosed w/ a psychological disorder-

7 clinical experts reevaluated the patients.
Their diagnoses were compared w/ the original one.

Question 47

what were the results of lipton and Simon 1985

Answer 47

Of the original 89 diagnosis of schizophrenia, only 16 received the same diagnosis on re-evaluation.

• 50 were diagnosed w/ a mood disorder, however only 15 had been diagnosed w/ this disorder initially.

Question 48

what was the aim of Langer and Ableson 1974

Answer 48

The aim of this study was to see if an individual labeled as a patient, would be perceived as more disturbed than if he were labeled as a job applicant

Question 49

what was the procedure of Langer and Abelson 1974

Answer 49

Forty subjects; either behavioral or psychodynamic therapists The mean age for both groups was around 28 years The videotape was an interview by a professor with a younger man about 26 years old. The interview was unstructured. It focused on the interviewee’s feelings and experiences relating to his past workThey were either told that the researcher was learning how to carry out job interviews – or to carry out patient interviews.researcher handed the participant the questionnaire and said, “Here is the patient (or job applicant) evaluation form.”The questionnaire was made up of “free-response” questions. Questions included a description of the interviewee, his attitudes, and factors that probably influenced his view on life.

Question 50

what were the results of Langer and abelson 1974

Answer 50

Even though both conditions watched the same video, there was a clear difference in the descriptions of the interviewee.The results indicate that both the psychodynamic groups’ ratings averaged on the “disturbed” side of the scale. It also shows that there is no significant difference between the ratings of the job applicant,

Question 51

what was the aim of Kendler et al 2006

Answer 51

to determine the role that genetics plays in major depressive disorder.

Question 52

what was the procedure of Kendler et al 2006

Answer 52

The sample was made up of 15,493 complete twin pairs listed in the national Swedish Twin Registry. Only twins whose zygosity could be verified were used in the study.nterviews were carried out between March 1998 and January 2003. The interviewers assessed lifetime major depression by using modified DSM-IV criteria.

Question 53

what were the results of Kendler et al 2006

Answer 53

8056 twins met the criteria for a diagnosis of major depression at some point in their life - and 322 twins voluntarily discussed a history of antidepressant treatment.The results indicate that the concordance rates for major depression were significantly higher in women than men. In addition, the correlations were significantly higher in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins