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Opthalmology > Abnormal fundoscopy > Flashcards

Abnormal fundoscopy Flashcards

1
Q

What are features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Microaneurysms (dots)
  • Haemorrhages (blots)
  • Venous beading
  • Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs)
  • Hard exudates
  • Cotton wool spots
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2
Q

How would you manage diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Panretinal photocoagulation - both proliferative and non-proliferative
  • Focal/grid laser photocoagulation
  • Intraviteral anti-VEGF
  • Optimise diabetic control
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3
Q

What are retinal features of grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Arteriolar narrowing

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4
Q

What are retinal features of grade 2 hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  • Arteriolar narrowing
  • AV nipping
  • Silver/copper wiring
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5
Q

What are features of grade III hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  • Arteriolar narrowing
  • AV nicking
  • Silver wiring
  • Retinopathy - flame haemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots
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6
Q

What are retinal features of grade IV hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  • Arteriolar narrowing
  • AV nicking
  • Silver wiring
  • Retinopathy - flame haemorrhages, hard exudates, cotton wool spots
  • Papilloedema
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7
Q

How would you manage Hypertensive retinopathy?

A

Treat hypertension

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8
Q

What are symptoms of retinal artery occlusion?

A

Sudden painless loss of all vision (central) or part of vision (branch)

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9
Q

What are features of retinal artery occlusion on fundoscopy?

A
  • Swollen, pale (oedematous) retina
  • Cherry red spots - macula
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10
Q

How wuld you manage retinal artery occlusion?

A

Reduce IOP within 6 hours

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11
Q

What are features of retinal vein occlusion on fundoscopy?

A
  • Tortuous dilated vessels
  • Widespread retinal flame haemorrhages
  • Optic disc oedema
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12
Q

How would you manage retinal vein occlusion?

A
  • No specific treatment
  • Photocoagulation - for neovascularisation
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13
Q

What are the 4 F’s of retinal detachment?

A
  • Floaters
  • Flashes
  • Fall in acuity
  • Field loss
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14
Q

What are features of retinal detachment on fundoscopy?

A

Grey opalescent retina, ballooning forward

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15
Q

how owuld you manage REtinal detachment?

A
  • Surgical vitrectomy
  • Cryopexy/laser retinopexy
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16
Q

What symptoms might someone with AMD report?

A

Progressive central visual loss

17
Q

What are features of dry AMD on fundoscopy?

A

Druesen in macula area - tiny white/yellow deposits

18
Q

How would you manage dry AMD?

A
  • Stop smoking
  • Antioxidant supplements
19
Q

What are features of wet AMD on fundoscopy?

A
  • Subretinal haemorrhage in/around macula
  • Localised retinal elevation and retinal oedema
20
Q

How would you manage wet AMD?

A
  • Intravitreal Anti-VEGF
  • Photodynamic therapy
  • Laser photocoagulation
21
Q

What are symptoms of optic neuritis?

A
  • REduced visual acuity
  • Loss of red colour viison
  • Central scotoma
  • RAPD
22
Q

What are features of optic neuritis on fundoscopy?

A

Unilateral swollen optic disc

23
Q

How would you manage optic neuritis?

A

Methylprednisolone - MS most common cause

24
Q

What symptoms might someone with Papilloedema have?

A
  • Signs of raised ICP
  • Vision usually normal
25
Q

What are features of papilloedema on fundoscopy?

A

Bilateral swollen optic disc

26
Q

How would you manage papilloedema?

A

Treat the cause

27
Q

What are symptoms of chronic open angle glaucoma?

A

Asymptomatic until vision severely impaired

28
Q

What are features of chronic open angle glaucoma?

A
  • Optic disc cupping
  • Optic disc atrophy
29
Q

How would you manage chronic open angle galucoma?

A
  • B-blocker eye drops
  • Prostaglandin eye drops
  • Alpha-agonist eye drops
  • Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drops
  • Laser trabeculoplasty
30
Q

What are symptoms of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A
  • Eye pain/haedache
  • Halos and blurring
  • Red eye
31
Q

What are features on fundoscopy of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A
  • Ciliary flush + mid dilated irregular pupils
  • Optic disc cupping
32
Q

How would you manage acute angle glaucoma?

A
  • IV/PO acetazolamide
  • Pilocarpine
  • Timilol
  • Consider mannitol/oral glycerol

Opthalmology (12 decks)

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