ABG's Flashcards
what is hypoxia
lack of oxygen in tissues
what is hypoxaemia
low oxygen levels within the blood
what is the acid base balance equation
H+ + HCO3- ↔ H2CO3 ↔ CO2 + H2O
what are the two problems we can have from the equation
too much H+
too much carbon dioxide
what is the basic concept of compensation
1 - When you’ve got too much hydrogen ion, the lungs blow off carbon dioxide
2 - When you’ve got too much carbon dioxide, the kidney gets rid of the hydrogen ion.
what is Acidaemia
increased hydrogen ion concentration
what is alkaleamia
decreased hydrogen ion concentration
what is acidosis
process tending to cause increase hydrogen ion concentration
what is alkalosis
process tending to cause decrease hydrogen ion concentration
what is the respiratory component
pCO2
what is the metabolic component
HCO3
when it is a respiratory problem, where is the primary change
pCO2
when it is a metabolic component, where is the primary change
HCO3-
what is respiratory acidosis
increased [H+] due to increased pCO2
what is respiratory alkalosis
decreased [H+] due to decreased pCO2
what is metabolic acidosis
increased [H+] due to decreased
HCO3-
what is metabolic alkalosis
decreased [H+] due to increased HCO3-
what is respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
Primary problem is too much hydrogen ions
Compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide
what is metabolic compensation for respiratory acidosis
PRIMARY problem is too much CO2
COMPENSATE by excreting more H+
what acid-base balance is common in COPD
Metabolic compensation for respiratory acidosis
increased bicarbonate is a compensatory response to what
Respiratory acidosis
i.e. increased PCO2
decreased bicarbonate is a compensatory response to what
Respiratory alkalosis
i.e. decreased PCO2
what is the compensatory response to Metabolic acidosis (decreased bicarbonate)
Decrease PCO2
what is the compensatory response to metabolic alkalosis
increased bicarbonate
Increased PCO2
what are the arterial blood gases
H+
pCO2
HCO3-
pO2
what are causes of Respiratory acidosis
COPD
Choking
Bronchopneumonia
what are causes of respiratory alkalosis
panic attack
mechanical over-ventilation
what are causes of metabolic acidosis
- impaired H+ excretion
- increased H+ production or ingestion
- loss of HCO3-
what are causes of metabolic alkalosis
- loss of H+ in vomit
- alkali ingestion
- potassium deficiency
what is acidaemia classified as
pH
what is alkalaemia classified as
pH > 7.45
what type of compensation is rapid
respiratory compensation
how long does metabolic compensation take
hours to days
what are the two most common types of acid base balance
Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
what type of acid base balance is sepsis
Metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
what type of acid base balance is chronic type 2 respiratory failure
Respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation
how does the presentation of acute type 2 respiratory failure differ from chronic
it is uncompensated respiratory acidosis
what is the anion gap
The difference between the main measure cations (positively charged ions) i.e. Na+ and K+ and the anions (negatively charged ions) i.e. Cl- and HCO3-.
what is base excess
the difference between the patient’s bicarbonate level and the normal bicarbonate level
what does a BE more than +2 suggest
metabolic alkalosis
what does a BE less than -2 suggest
metabolic acidosis
