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Respiratory > ABG's > Flashcards

ABG's Flashcards

1
Q

What are ABG’s used for?

A

To assess patients for respiratory failure and for monitoring in ITU

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2
Q

What ‘lines’ are used to take blood in order to measure blood gases? (Patients usually have these on ITU)

A

Arterial lines either in radial or femoral arteries

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3
Q

What is usually measured when reading ABG’s? (6 answers)

A
  1. Acid base balance
  2. Blood gases (PaO2, PaCO2)
  3. Bicarbonate (HCO3)
  4. Lactate
  5. Haemoglobin
  6. Electrolytes
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4
Q

What is the normal values of pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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5
Q

What are the normal values of PaO2?

A

10.7 - 13.3 kPa

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6
Q

What are the normal values of PaCO2?

A

4.7 - 6 kPa

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7
Q

What are the normal values of HCO3?

A

22 - 28mmol/L

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8
Q

What are the normal values of the Base excess?

A

-2 - +2

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9
Q

What are the normal values of lactate?

A

0.5 - 1 mmol/L

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10
Q

What are the normal values of haemoglobin?

A

Male - 13.7 - 17.5
Female - 12.0 - 15.5

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11
Q

What are the normal values of WBC’s?

A

3.5 - 10.5

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12
Q

What is the FiO2 percentage of room air?

A

21%

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13
Q

A nasal cannula supplying 1L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

24%

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14
Q

A nasal cannula supplying 2L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

28%

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15
Q

A nasal cannula supplying 3L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

32%

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16
Q

A nasal cannula supplying 4L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

36%

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17
Q

How many litres of O2 is effective when using nasal cannula for supplementation?

A

4L

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18
Q

What oxygen mask could be used to accurately provide FiO2 for a patient with COPD?

A

Venturi mask

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19
Q

A simple mask supplying 5L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

40%

20
Q

A simple mask supplying 6L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

44%

21
Q

A simple mask supplying 7L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

48%

22
Q

A simple mask supplying 8L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

52%

23
Q

A simple mask supplying 9L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

56%

24
Q

A non rebreather mask supplying 10L of O2 has a FiO2 of what percentage?

A

95%

25
Q

What classifies respiratory failure type 1?

A

PaO2 < 10.7kPa

26
Q

What classifies respiratory failure type 2?

A

PaO2 < 10.7kPa
PaCO2 > 6kPa

27
Q

What classifies hypercapnia? (PaCO2 figure)

A

PaCO2 > 6kPa

28
Q

What classifies respiratory acidaemia?

A

pH < 7.35
PaCO2 > 6kPa

29
Q

What classifies respiratory alkalemia?

A

pH > 7.45
PaCO2 < 4.7 kPa

30
Q

What are the causes of respiratory alkalemia?

A

Hyperventilation and pulmonary embolism

31
Q

What are the acute causes of respiratory acidaemia? (5 answers)

A

Asthma
COPD
Emphysema
Sleep apnoea
Pneumonia

32
Q

What does CO2 become when dissolved in H2O?

A

Carbonic Acid

33
Q

Which organ creates bicarbonate or HCO3?

A

Kidneys

34
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate or HCO3?

A

Acts as a buffer to neutralise pH levels in blood

35
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin?

A

Transportation of oxygen from lungs to tissue via blood

36
Q

What is the main function of a WBC?

A

Respond/combat infection

37
Q

What is the role of platelets in the blood?

A

Involved in activation of clotting process

38
Q

What are normal platelet values?

A

150 - 400

39
Q

What are the 3 main causes of thrombocytopenia? (low platelets)

A

Not enough platelets are not made in the bone marrow
Increased breakdown of platelets in the bloodstream
Increased breakdown of platelets in the spleen or liver

40
Q

What classifies metabolic alkalemia?

A

pH > 7.45
HCO3 > 28

41
Q

What classifies metabolic acidaemia?

A

pH < 7.35
HCO3 < 22

42
Q

What are the causes of metabolic acidaemia?

A

> H+ ions (renal failure)
< HCO3 (diarrhoea + renal failure)

43
Q

What are the causes of metabolic alkalosis? (2 answers)

A

Gastroenteritis (vomiting + loss of acid)
Aldosterone (fluid retention + maintainin H+ions)

44
Q

What is the main cause of WBC’s to fall below 3.5?

A

Suppression of the immune system

45
Q

What causes WBC’s to be above 10.5? (3 answers)

A

Infection
Post exercise
Stress

46
Q

What is the role of the kidneys in acid-base balance? (2 answers)

A

They reabsorb bicarbonate from urine.
They excrete hydrogen ions into urine.

Respiratory (5 decks)

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