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JC - ADI - ABES > ABES > Flashcards

ABES Flashcards

1
Q

Define
Distress

A

A condition of being threatened by serious and/or imminent danger and of requiring immediate assistance.

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2
Q

Define
Urgency

A

A condition concerning the safety of an aircraft or other vehicle, or of some person on board or within sight, but which does not require immediate assistance.

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3
Q

Define
Aircraft Accident

A

Aircraft accidents, which have occurred or are inevitable on, or in the vicinity of, the aerodrome.

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4
Q

Define
Aircraft Ground Incident

A

Where an aircraft on the ground is known to have an emergency situation other than an accident, requiring the attendance of emergency services.

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5
Q

Define
Full Emergency

A

When it is known that an aircraft in the air is, or is suspected to be, in such difficulties that there is a danger of an accident.

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6
Q

Define
Local Standby

A

When it is known that an aircraft has, or is suspected to have, developed some defect but the trouble would not normally involve any serious difficulty in effecting a safe landing.

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7
Q

Define
Weather Standby

A

When weather conditions are such as to render a landing difficult or difficult to observe. e.g., strong crosswind, poor visibility, ice or snow on the runway

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8
Q

Define
Unlawful Acts

A

Action to be taken in the case of any unlawful act will be contained in the aerodrome’s Contingency Plan, which will be drawn up in conjunction with the local Police.

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9
Q

Define
Off-Aerodrome Accidents

A

Emergency Orders should contain details of the action to be taken in the case of aircraft accidents occurring outside the aerodrome boundaries.

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10
Q

Define
Other Duties

A

The emergency arrangements are generally focused on an aircraft accident or incident. However, the plans may include other incidents that occur such as domestic fires, road traffic crashes and hazardous materials.
Emergency Orders should include the action
to be taken by aerodrome-based Responders and, where appropriate external emergency services, in the event of such calls being received.

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11
Q

Define
Strayed Aircraft

A

An aircraft which has deviated significantly from its intended track but has not reported as being lost.

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12
Q

Define
Unidentified Aircraft

A

When a controller becomes aware of an unidentified aircraft within airspace for which they are the controlling authority and an ATC clearance is required.

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13
Q

Define
Airprox

A

An AIRPROX is a situation in which, in the opinion of a pilot or a controller, the distance between aircraft as well as their relative positions and speeds have been such that the safety of the aircraft involved was or may have been compromised.

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14
Q

Define
Windshear

A

Windshear is a sustained change in the wind velocity along the aircraft flight path, which occurs significantly faster than the aircraft can accelerate or decelerate.

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15
Q

How does an ATCO recognise an emergency? (7)

A

A controller may suspect an aircraft is in an
emergency situation when:
• Radio contact is not established at time expected.
• Radio contact is lost.
• Report from pilot or other pilots.
• Erratic behaviour observed.
• Aircraft overdue at destination aerodrome.
• Pilot reports short of fuel.
• Reports from unofficial third parties

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16
Q

Main categories of ABES (8)

A
  • radio failure
  • unlawful interference/hijack
  • bomb threat
  • strayed/unidentifed aircraft
  • AC unable to maintain height
  • control difficulties
  • pilot unsure of position (lost)
  • diversion
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17
Q

What are the emergency transponder codes and their meanings?

A

7500 – Unlawful Interference
7600 – Radio Failure
7700 – Aircraft Emergency

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18
Q

What should be contained in the emergency message?

A
  • MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY (for distress messages)
    OR
    PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN (for urgency messages)
  • Name of the station addressed (time and circumstances permitting) Identification of the aircraft
  • Nature of the emergency
  • Intention of the person in command Present position, level and heading
  • Qualification of the pilot e.g., Student, IMC or full
    instrument rating (urgency messages)
  • As much other information as time permits
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19
Q

What are the rules/procedures with regards to fuel dump?

A
  • The route to be flown which, if possible, should be clear of cities and towns, preferably over water and away from areas where thunderstorms have been reported or are expected
  • the level to be used
  • the estimated duration of the fuel dumping
  • the frequency to be monitored whilst the aircraft is dumping fuel.
  • A vertical separation of at least 1,000 ft between aircraft should be maintained
  • jettisoning of fuel should be carried out above 10,000 ft agl. Exceptionally, if fuel dumping at this level, or over water, is operationally impracticable or inconsistent with safety, fuel may be jettisoned above 7,000 ft agl in winter and above 4,000 ft agl in summer.
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20
Q

What additional information passed to RFFS with regards to Ballistic recovery systems??

A

Additional information will be “Ballistic recovery system deployed”

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21
Q

If it’s apparent that the recovery system has failed to deploy what should the RFFS be informed of??

A

RFFS should be alerted to the possibility of a live rocket on board

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22
Q

What frequency is used between aircraft and the RFFS during an emergency crews to do??

A

121.6MHz

  • Frequency only used on the ground
  • Pilot to maintain listening watch with ATC and what would expect
  • RFFS will use aircraft registration rather than callsign
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23
Q

Who is responsible for the removal of a crashed aircraft??

A

Responsibility lies with the aerodrome operator and the aircraft owner.
If reported to AAIB then permission from them must be sort.

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24
Q

What actions should be taken for the emergency removal of a crashed aircraft??

A

Senior controller to ensure aerodrome operator fully understands situation. If unable to contact AAIB, aerodrome operator may take action IAW Civil Aviation (Investigation of Accidents) Regulation 1996, which allows removal or interference for the purpose of preventing any danger or obstruction to public or navigation.

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25
Q

What phraseology is used to inform a pilot that your airfield is operating at a reduced RFFS category??

A

TWR: Message from the aerodrome operator, fire and rescue firefighting services reduced to category (number)
OR
TWR: Message from the aerodrome operator, no rescue and firefighting services available.

Pilot responsible for deciding whether they can use the aerodrome or not.

26
Q

How often should RFFS conduct emergency exercises??

A

RFFS Cat 3 or higher, full scale aerodrome emergency exercise every 2 years, with partial exercises in the intervening year.

27
Q

What action should a controller take if they suspect an aircraft has strayed?

A
  • Attempt to establish two-way communication, unless such communication already exists, and inform the pilot of their position
  • Inform other ATS units into whose area the aircraft has strayed or may stray
  • Request appropriate assistance from D&D, other ATS units, and other aircraft in establishing communication with the strayed aircraft
  • Notify, the Civil Watch Supervisor at the parent ACC in the event that unlawful interference is suspected
28
Q

What are the factors for causing windshear??

A
  • Can occur at any level but generally between SFC and 1500ft
  • Caused by the following:
    Presence of TS, Squalls or frontal activity in the vicinity of aerodrome
  • Presence of low-level inversions
  • Local terrain or buildings considered in relation to wind speed and direction causing turbulence and gusts
29
Q

What actions should a controller take if it becomes apparent the pilot is lost??

A
  • Treat an estimated position given by the pilot with caution
  • Use ATS surveillance systems and VDF in an attempt to locate the aircraft
  • If communications are poor, or the controller suspects that the aircraft is below surveillance coverage, the pilot may be advised to climb
  • Consider terrain clearance if the aircraft is flying at a low level.
  • Request assistance from other ATS units in determining the aircraft’s position
  • VDF bearings from other units may assist in fixing the position
  • Inform D&D, who are equipped to provide dedicated assistance
  • Notify the Civil Watch Supervisor at the parent ACC in the event that unlawful interference is suspected
30
Q

What actions should the controller take when the position of the lost aircraft has been established??

A

➢ advise the aircraft of its position and the corrective action to be taken. This advice shall be immediately provided when the ATS unit is aware that there is a possibility of interception or other hazard to the safety of the aircraft
➢ provide, as necessary, other air traffic service units and appropriate military units with relevant information concerning the strayed aircraft and any advice given to that aircraft

31
Q

What are the controllers’ actions when they become aware of an unidentified aircraft within their airspace?

A

➢ Attempt to establish the identity of the aircraft;
➢ Attempt to establish two-way communication
➢ Inform D&D and any other affected ATS units or neighbouring FIRs, and request their assistance in establishing the identity of and two-way communication with the aircraft
➢ Notify, the Civil Watch Supervisor at the parent ACC in the event that unlawful interference is suspected
➢ If possible, attempt to obtain information from other aircraft in the area
➢ As required, notify those units consulted in the tracing of the unidentified aircraft that the aircraft’s identity has been ascertained
➢ Complete a Mandatory Occurrence Report

32
Q

Check out

GPWS (Ground Proximity Warning System)

A

➢ Part of TAWS (Terrain Awareness Warning System)
➢ Fitted to all turbine aircraft MCTOW of more than 5700kgs and more than 9 passenger seats.
➢ Triggered at or below 2500ft AGL, typically a 20sec warning
➢ ATCOs should not dissuade pilot from climbing, just acknowledge and confirm pressure setting
➢ If TAWS instructs to climb then ACAS RA’s temp suspended, but only whilst TAWS warning remains active
➢ Other aircraft not affected by TAWS may get ACAS RA, ATCOS should respond appropriately
➢ All other occasions, essential traffic information and/or traffic avoidance advice passed to 1st aircraft in conflict with aircraft responding to TAWS, then essential traffic info to TAWS aircraft.

33
Q

What are the RFFS operational response times?

A

Operational objective of RFFS should be to achieve response times of 2 minutes and not exceeding 3 minutes, to end of each runway, as well as to any other part of response area in optimum visibility and surface conditions.

34
Q

Overdue Aircraft –
Aerodrome procedures, non- radio aircraft. Preliminary Action

A

Preliminary action taken no later than 30mins after ETA as follows:
➢ Check flt pln for errors
➢ Consult operating company or representative ➢ Confirm ATD with departure aerodrome ➢ Inform and co-ordinate ACC Sup:
Check alternates
Send RQS message
Check with aerodromes on or adjacent to aircraft route

35
Q

Overdue Aircraft –
Aerodrome procedures, non- radio aircraft. Full Action

A

Commenced no later than 1 hour after ETA as follows:
➢ Notify ACC aircraft fully overdue, state actions already carried out
➢ In consultation with ACC, continue tracing action. E.g. inform local police, other aircraft etc.

36
Q

Overdue Aircraft – Aerodrome procedures, radio aircraft. - Preliminary Action

A

Aircraft fails to give position report when expected, prelim action commences ETA reporting point + 30mins as follows:
➢ Advise ACC sup aircraft overdue
➢ Confirm ATD with departure aerodrome
➢ Ensure RQS message sent

37
Q

Overdue Aircraft –
Aerodrome procedures, radio aircraft. Full Action

A

If no news after action taken above or after 1 hour or fuel considered exhausted then ACC sup aircraft fully overdue.

38
Q

Non-Appearance aircraft

A

If aircraft cleared to commence approach, after completing any holds fails to land after 5mins of the Est landing time, the following action shall be taken:
➢ Alert Approach, where available
➢ Request other aircraft in vicinity or last known position to keep a look out
➢ Exercise caution when authorising movement of aerodrome traffic
➢ Alert emergency services IAW MATS pt 2
➢ Check other aerodromes in vicinity
➢ If necessary, send RQS message
➢ Advise ACC sup

39
Q

Aerodrome Actions on receipt of a Bomb Warning

A

When bomb warning received at an aerodrome the following actions shall take place:

➢ Senior controller to ensure appropriate local emergency orders carried out
➢ If aircraft in flight, Inform ACC watch Supervisor
➢ Messages to pilots from operators should be referred to and co-ordinated through ACC watch supervisor
➢ If aircraft likely to land at the aerodrome, whether in contact or not, the local emergency orders carried out
➢ Aircraft on the ground advised to remain away from other aircraft and installations, vacate the runway and instructed to taxi to a designated or isolated parking area IAW local instructions
➢ If crews and passengers disembark, all other aircraft, vehicles and personnel should be kept well away from threatened aircraft
➢ If no designated area, or designated area not available, then alternate parking area must be sought from the aerodrome operator. Taxi routes shall be selected with a view of minimising any security risk to public, other aircraft and installations on the aerodrome.

40
Q

State the roll of the D&D cell?

A

➢ Provides assistance to civil aircraft in an emergency additional to the service it provides to the military
➢ Part of 78 Sqn based at Swanwick Mil
➢ Utilise frequencies VHF 121x5 and UHF 243x0.
➢ Use the terms:
Executive Control – Control retained by D&D during an emergency
Operational Control – normally allocated to the Unit or controller working the emergency aircraft
➢ Radio coverage poor below 3000ft amsl, so will handover to diversion units likely.
➢ VHF auto-triangulation available in London FIR, East of Wales, South of Manchester, above 3000ftamsl and above 2000ft amsl within 40nm of Heathrow. Scottish
FIR, at or above 8500ft amsl reducing to 2000ft – 5000ft amsl over the sea

41
Q

Aircraft carrying Dangerous Goods

A

➢ Pilot to inform if they are carrying DAC.
➢ Pilot to pass either full details of DAC, summary of DAC or a telephone number to contact to obtain details. (Phone number may be on Flt Pln field 18)
➢ Information passed to aerodrome of intended landing
➢ Senior controller passes details to Airport operator and
RFFS
➢ If Aircraft crashed then details passed to senior fire officer or incident commander asap
➢ Information on DAC not normally found on flt pln, don’t assume it’s not carrying DAC

42
Q

Aircraft carrying Explosives

A

➢ Pilot to inform if carrying explosives.
➢ Treat the same as DAC, however must not be deviated from its flt pln route.
➢ Consider diverting to a military aerodrome
➢ If military not available, Humberside and Prestwick have expertise in handling such aircraft.
➢ If diverting to other civil aerodrome (Not EGLL, EGKK or EGCC) then agreement must be sought from aerodrome operator
➢ Aircraft carrying explosive must include telephone number in field 18 of flt pln, where full details of explosives carried can be confirmed

43
Q

Reporting Procedures – What actions should be taken in the initial phase of the incident assessment?

A

Unit manager should take the following action without delay:
➢ Controller(s) concerned withdrawn from operational duties and informally interviewed to find out the basic facts
➢ If controller(s), procedures or equipment implicated, report to the appropriate Principle ATS Inspector giving available details including any RFT and telephone recording reviews
➢ Principle Inspector to decide whether provisionally vary of controller(s) endorsement, rating or licence required.
➢ Act of withdrawing controller from duty pending conclusion sufficient to decide whether controller procedure or equipment at fault.
➢ Local management assessment is to:
Enable immediate action to prevent reoccurrence Include evidence which will form the basis of in-depth investigation of incident
➢ Local manager to carry out local assessment for the purpose of above
➢ Local unit investigation conducted IAW local unit procedures

44
Q

Reporting Procedures – What actions should be taken in the full investigation phase of the incident assessment?

A

➢ Full investigation conducted by ATS Inspector
➢ Interviews conducted at units concerned
➢ Additional evidence from controllers may be sought
➢ ATSI to analyse and seek causes of occurrence in their report, where applicable recommendations made
➢ ATSI to submit finding to the Principle ATSI

45
Q

Give 5 examples of reportable incidents

A

UK Reg (EU) 2015/1018 list all reportable incidents/occurrences. 14 listed in Section 6
➢ Aircraft accident
➢ AIRPROX
➢ Incident involving safety
➢ Hijack/unlawful interference
➢ Wildlife/Birdstrike

46
Q

What remedial action would you expect to happen following an investigation??

A

➢ Principle Inspector overseas implementation and audit of any remedial action
➢ All reports submitted as MOR’s to CAA.

47
Q

Define a reportable accident

A

An occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which, in the case of a:
manned aircraft, takes place between the time any person boards an aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all such persons have disembarked
OR
unmanned aircraft, takes place between the time the aircraft is ready to move with the purpose of flight until such time as it comes to rest at the end of the flight and the primary propulsion system is shut down, in which
1. Person is fatally or seriously injured as a result of:
- being in the aircraft, or
- direct contact with any part of the aircraft, including parts which have become detached from the aircraft, or
- direct exposure to jet blast, except when the injuries are from natural causes, selfinflicted or inflicted by other persons.

  1. aircraft sustains damage or structural failure which adversely affects the structural strength,
    performance or flight characteristics of the aircraft, and would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component, except for engine failure or damage, when the damage is limited
  2. the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible
48
Q

Actions by pilots with radio fail. VMC procedures

A

➢ Select S/7600 with mode C
➢ Land at nearest suitable aerodrome
➢ Pilots should keep watch for instructions from the ground
➢ Pilot unable to maintain VMC should carry out IMC procedures
➢ Pilot should not enter CAS unless they have already been given a clearance

49
Q

Actions by pilots with radio fail. IMC procedures

A

➢ S/7600 with mode C
➢ Maintain current speed and last assigned level or MSA (higher of 2) for a period of 7 minutes, this period starts on the selection of S/7600

50
Q

Actions by pilots with radio fail. IMC procedures – SID procedures For SID Departures

A

➢ Procedure flown IAW published level track & vertical profile, including step climbs until last position, fix or waypoint
➢ Maintain current speed, level or MSA (higher of the 2) for the remaining 7 minutes
➢ Adjust speed & level IAW with Flt Pln and continue to destination aerodrome
➢ Attempt to transmit position reports, levels, altitude over routine reporting points

51
Q

Actions by pilots with radio fail. IMC procedures – Vectoring or STAR

A

➢ Continue IAW ATC instructions last acknowledged for 3 mins then proceed in most direct route to re-join current Flt Pln (ACC)
➢ If under control of APS Unit – Comply with AIP AD 2
section
➢ Arrange to arrive at landing aid at last acknowledged ETA or Flt Pln ETA
➢ Arrive at highest notified MSA taking into account terrain clearance
➢ STAR – after 7 minutes period, decent profile as close to descent planning profile, if non published descend minimum level for IAF
➢ Reaching appropriate landing aid, continue IAW EAT, if not given use calculated ETA
➢ Remain in holding pattern until minimum holding level reached
➢ Descent rate 500ft/min
➢ If delay not determined, pilot should nit attempt to land but should divert

52
Q

Actions by pilots with radio fail. IMC procedures – SVFR procedures

A

➢ Carry out instrument approach, aim to land with 30min of EAT or calculated ETA, keep look out for instructions from the ground
➢ Vectoring – If director, then continue visually or use alternate aid
➢ If not practical, MAP, proceed to the hold, carry out approach appropriate to the hold
➢ S/7600 with mode C
➢ If TX working transmit position and intentions
➢ If full comms failure and clearance to enter CTR obtained, remain clear!!
If inside CTR
➢ If inbound, continue as per clearance, land asap, keep lookout for instructions form ground
➢ If transit, continue not above cleared altitude, leave CTR by most direct route. Take into account terrain, wx and traffic density

53
Q

Resumptions of operations

A

➢ Aircraft lands – Normal ops resumes
➢ If lands and no comms re-established, ATC to inform unit where lost comms first initiated
➢ Re-allocation of levels – Holding stack or levels aircraft passed through may be re-allocated after 15mins
➢ Lowest level in the stack, RT fail aircraft expected to leave are to kept clear for 30mins after time descent should have begun
➢ Operator’s discretion – If the position has not been determined within 30mins after descent over holding point, pertinent information passed to Operator/pilots its then their responsibility to determine whether to resume normal ops
➢

54
Q

Uncertainty Phase

A

INCERTFA
A situation wherein UNCERTAINTY exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.

55
Q

Alert Phase

A

ALERFA
A situation wherein APPREHENSION exists as to the safety of an aircraft and its occupants.

56
Q

Distress Phase

A

DESTRESFA
A situation wherein there is REASONABLE CERTAINTY that an aircraft and its occupants are threatened by grave and imminent danger or require immediate assistance

57
Q

Bomb Warning Cat - Red

A

A credible threat relating to a specific target, or where the caller has positively identified themselves or the organisation involved, likely to involve danger to people, property and/or
operational/commercial activities and therefore requires immediate protective measures

58
Q

Bomb Warning Cat – Amber

A

A threat of doubtful credibility but where it is prudent to consider taking additional protective measures, especially if there are doubts about the effectiveness of existing countermeasures

59
Q

Bomb Warning Cat - Green

A

A non-credible threat requiring no further action

60
Q

Contents of an emergency message

A

The message will contain as many as possible of the following items:
(1) MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY (for distress messages); or PAN PAN, PAN
PAN, PAN PAN (for urgency messages); and
(2) Name of the station addressed (time and circumstances permitting)
Identification of the aircraft;
(3) Nature of the emergency;
(4) Intention of the person in command Present position, level and heading;
(5) Qualification of the pilot e.g. Student, IMC or full instrument rating (urgency
messages); and
(6) As much other information as time permits

JC - ADI - ABES (3 decks)

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