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Human Anatomy II -- Unit 1 -- Zach H. > Abdominal Viscera > Flashcards

Abdominal Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What organs make up the foregut?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • duodenum
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • spleen
  • pancreas
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2
Q

Which organs make up the midgut?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
  • cecum and appendix
  • ascending colon
  • 2/3 of transverse colon
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3
Q

Which organs make up the hindgut?

A
  • 1/3 tranverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum and anal canal
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4
Q

At what vertebra level does the thoracic esophagus pierce the diaphragm?

A
  • T10
  • through the esophageal hiatus
  • slightly left of midline
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5
Q

What does the esophagus do once it courses through the esophageal hiatus?

A
  • Turns sharply left to enter the stomach at the cardiac orifice.
    • about T11
    • abdominal esophagus is 2.5 cm long
    • the esophageal sphincter is physiologic, not well-defined anatomically
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6
Q

At which vertebral levels do structures pass through the diaphragm?

A
  • T8 - IVC
  • T10 - esophagus
  • T12 - aorta
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7
Q

What is a “sliding” hiatal hernia?

A
  • esophageal hiatus of diaphragm enlarges or weakens
  • abdominal esophagus and parts of the stomach (cardia and sometimes fundus) herniate into the thorax

** no CT image in slides **

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8
Q

What is a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?

A
  • defect in diaphragm next to the esophageal hiatus
  • permits fundus of stomach to herniate (not usually the esophagus)

** has CT image in slides of it **

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9
Q

In which quadrants of the abdomin is the stomach located in?

A
  • left hypochondriac region
  • left epigastric region
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10
Q

Which plane transverses through the stomach to separate it between the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions?

A

transpyloric plane

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11
Q

What vertebral region is the left end of the stomach fixed at?

A

T10-11

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12
Q

What vertebral level is the right end of the stomach fixed at?

A

L1-2

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13
Q

What is the pyloric antrum of the stomach?

A

entrance to the pylorus

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14
Q

What is the pyloric orifice of the stomach?

A

entrance to the duodenum

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15
Q

What makes up the muscularis externa of the stomach going from superficial to deep?

A
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • middle circular layer
  • inner oblique fibers
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16
Q

Which layer of the stomach muscularis externa is circular?

A

middle circular layer

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17
Q

What is found posterior to the stomach?

A
  • diaphragm
  • spleen (posterior and lateral)
  • left suprarenal gland
  • upper left kidney
  • pancreas
  • left colic flexure
  • left transverse colon
  • transverse mesocolon
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18
Q

What is found in relation to the anterior of the stomach?

A
  • anterior abdominal wall
  • left costal margin
  • left diaphragm
  • left and quadrate lobes of the liver
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19
Q

Is the left and quadrate lobes of the liver found on the anterior or posterior side of the stomach?

A

anterior relationship

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20
Q

Which portion of the diaphragm has an anterior relationship with the stomach?

A

left diaphragm

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21
Q

What organs is the small intestine located between?

A

between stomach and large intestine

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22
Q

How long is the duodenum?

A

10 inches long

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23
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A
  • superior
  • descending
  • horizontal
  • ascending
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24
Q

The duodenum is located approximately at which vertebral vertebra?

A

L1 to L4

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25
Q

Which ligament suspends the duodenum to the right crus of the diaphragm?

A

suspensory ligament of duodenum

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26
Q

Is the duodenum a retroperitoneal structure?

A

Yes - seondarily retroperitoneal

**except for some of the 1st and 4th parts**

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27
Q

What is the anterior portion of the duodenum covered by?

A

Covered anteriorly by peritoneum except where the mesocolon of the transverse colon crosses the 2nd part.

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28
Q

What is the first part of the duodenum surrounded by?

A

hepatoduodenal ligament

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29
Q

Where does the root of the mesentery begin?

A

At the duodeno-jejunal flexure.

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30
Q

Which vessels are found posterior and superior to the 1st part of the duodenum?

A
  • portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • bile duct
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31
Q

Is the head of the pancreas inferior or superior to the 1st part of the duodenum?

A

inferior

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32
Q

Where are the fundus of the gallbladder, right lobe of the liver, and transverse colon located in respect to the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

anterior

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33
Q

Is the 2nd part of the duodenum all retroperitoneal?

A

YES

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34
Q

Where is the kidney and ureter located in respect to the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

posterior

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35
Q

True or False:

The bile and pancreatic ducts enter into the second part of the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

A

True

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36
Q

Is the head of the pancreas located medially or superiorly to the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

medial

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37
Q

What major vessels cross the anterior surface of the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

superior mesenteric artery and vein; and the root of the mesentery

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38
Q

Where is the head of the pancreas located with respect to the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

superior

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39
Q

Where is the jejunum located with respect to the 3rd part of the duodenum?

A

anterior and inferior

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40
Q

Is the 4th part of the duodenum covered by peritoneum?

A

NO

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41
Q

Where is the root of the mesentery and jejunum located with respect to the 4th part of the duodenum?

A

anterior

42
Q

What muscle and major vessel is found posterior to the 4th part of the duodenum?

A
  • left margin of aorta
  • medial border of psoas muscle
43
Q

What ligament holds the 4th part of the duodenum in place?

A

Suspensory Ligament (or muscle) of the duodenum (of Treitz).

44
Q

True or False:

The suspensory ligament of the duodenum is of muscular origin, not viceral or mesenteric.

A

True

45
Q

Which parts of the small intestine occupy most of the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and pelvis?

A

jejunum and ileum

46
Q

How long is the jejunum and ileum, combined?

A

20 feet

47
Q

What holds the jejunum and ileum to the posterior wall of the abdomin?

A

mesentery

48
Q

What is another name for the jejunum and ileum?

A

“free” small intestine

49
Q

Compare and Contrast the jejunum and ileum.

A
  • Length:
    • jejunum -> 8-10 feet long
    • ileum -> 10-12 feet long
  • Portion of “free” intestine:
    • jejunum -> 2/5
    • ileum -> 3/5
  • Vascular arcades:
    • jejunum -> simple vascular arcades, long vasa recta, more vascular
    • ileum -> compound vascular arcades, shorter vasa recta, less vascular
  • Size:
    • jejunum -> greater diameter, thicker, more plicae circularis
    • ileum -> smaller diameter, thinner wall, fewer plicae circualris
50
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the small intestine?

A

Meckel’s (ileal) diverticulum

** in the ileum **

51
Q

Where does Mecke’s (ileal) diverticulum typically occur?

A
  • About 2 feet from the ileo-cecal junction.
  • Occurs in 2% of population
  • Average about 2 inches long
  • Rmenant of the vitelline duct
  • Clinically difficult to distinguish from appendicitis
  • May contain other types of tissue
52
Q

How long is the mesentery at the root?

A

15 cm (6-7 inches)

53
Q

What does the mesentery attach to the posterior abdominal wall?

A

jejunum and ileum

54
Q

What does the mesentery cross?

A
  • L 1-2
  • 3rd part of duodenum
  • aorta
  • IVC
  • right ureter
  • right gonadal vessels
  • right psoas major
  • ends at right S.I. joint
55
Q

What runs in between the mesentery (2 layers of peritoneum)?

A
  • nerves
  • lymph nodes and vessels
  • fat
  • arteries
  • veins
56
Q

How long is the mesentery at it’s intestinal border?

A

20 feet

57
Q

Where is the rectum and anal canal located?

A

in the pelvis

58
Q

Is the large intestine highly mobile?

A

yes

59
Q

What are the functions of the large intestine?

A
  • fecal formation
  • transport
  • evacuation
  • water absorption
  • mucus secretion
60
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon.

  • they converge at root of appendix
  • they produce haustrae (sacculations) that slow the movement of feces
61
Q

What are appendices spiploicae (epiploic appendages)?

A
  • tags of fat
  • characteristic of the large intestine
62
Q

Does the cecum have epiploic appendages?

A

no

63
Q

Is the iliocolic valve a true sphincter?

A

NO - 2 folds that are not a true sphincter.

64
Q

What is the ileal papilla?

A

a cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum

65
Q

Where is the opening for the appendix located in relation to the ileal papilla?

A

inferior

66
Q

Which parts of the colon are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A
  • ascending colon
  • descending colon
67
Q

Which parts of the colon are intraperitoneal?

A
  • transverse colon (transverse mesocolon)
  • sigmoid colon (sigmoid mesocolon)
68
Q

What is the size, shape, and location of the spleen?

A
  • left hypochondriac region
  • parallels left ribs 9, 10, and 11
  • midaxillary line, between stomach and diaphragm
  • about the size of a hand
  • normally not palpable below the costal margin
69
Q

What are the peritoneal relationships of the spleen?

A
  • covered by peritoneum
  • develops in the dorsal mesentery from mesoderm
    • gastrosplenic ligament
    • splenorenal ligament
70
Q

What are the relation of the spleen with other organs of the abdominal cavity?

A
  • diaphragm is posterior
  • stomach, left colic flexure and tail of pancreas are anterior to the spleen
71
Q

Does the spleen have a diaphragmatic surface?

A

yes - smooth against diaphragm

72
Q

Where are the left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament in relation to the spleen?

A

inferior to spleen

73
Q

What impressions are found on the visceral surface of the spleen?

A
  • colic
  • gastric
  • renal
74
Q

Which two ligaments are found in the hilum of the spleen?

A
  • gastrosplenic
  • splenorenal
75
Q

Is the pancreas seondarily or primarily retroperitoneal?

A

Secondarily Retroperitoneal

76
Q

Is some of the tail of the pancreas located in the splenorenal ligament?

A

yes

77
Q

Is the tail of the pancreas anterior or posterior to the hilus of the spleen?

A

anterior

78
Q

What are the relationships of the pancreas to other organs in the abdominal cavity?

A
  • superior mesenteric artery and vein are posterior to the neck
  • splenic vein and artery run horizontally superior to or posterior to the body
  • the tail is against the spleen
  • inferior vena cava and aorta are posterior to the body
  • stomach is anterior to the spleen
  • duodenum is superior, right and inferior to the head
  • transverse colon lies anterior and inferior to the pancreas
79
Q

What joins the bile duct at the hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

main or major pancreatic duct

80
Q

Where does the accessory pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

A

more superior minor duodenal papilla

81
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct and bile duct empty into the 2nd part of the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

82
Q

Where is most of the liver located?

A

right upper quadrant

83
Q

Where is the smaller left lobe of the liver located?

A

left upper quadrant

84
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the liver?

A
  • right lobe
  • left lobe
  • quadrate lobe
  • caudate lobe
85
Q

What is the falciform ligament?

A

Is a double layer of peritoneum that connects liver to the anterior wall.

86
Q

What connects the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

A

Falciform ligament - which is a double layer of peritoneum.

87
Q

What does the peritoneum that attaches the liver to the anterior body wall split to enclose?

A

“bare area” of the liver

88
Q

What does the bare area include?

A

Area where IVC is posterior to liver and hepatic veins drain into it.

89
Q

Which ligament borders the left and anterior side of the caudate lobe?

A

ligamentum venosum

90
Q

Which ligament boarders the left side of the quadrate lobe?

A

ligamentum teres (round ligament)

  • in the edge of the falciform
  • obliterated umbilical vein
91
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A
  • transverse fissure between caudate and quadrate lobes
  • transmits the portal triad
    • hepatic artery (proper)
    • portal vein
    • bile duct
92
Q

Which ligament is the obliterated umbilical vein?

A

ligamentum teres

93
Q

Which ligament is the “old” ductus venosus?

A
  • ligamentum venosum
  • used to connect the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava
94
Q

What did the ductus venosus connect before it became the ligamentum venosum?

A

umbilical vein with inferior vena cava

95
Q

What are the peritoneal attachments of the liver?

A
  • falciform ligament with ligamentum teres
  • lesser omentum with hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments
96
Q

Where does the gall bladder and biliary tract lie?

A

hepatic fossa

97
Q

Where does the gallbladder contact the anterior abdominal wall at?

A

Midclavicular line - 9th or 10th costal cartilage.

98
Q

Is the gallbladder typically located on the transpyloric line?

A

Yes

99
Q

What forms the bile duct and where does it course?

A
  • Bile Duct: formed from cystic and common hepatic ducts.
    • Runs in the edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament).
    • Goes posterior and inferior to the 1st part of the duodenum, posterior to the head of the pancreas, enters the 2nd part of the duodenum with the pancreatic duct.
100
Q
A

Human Anatomy II -- Unit 1 -- Zach H. (5 decks)

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