Abdominal Vasculature and Viscera

Question 1

Hiatal hernia

Answer 1

protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

Question 2

Sliding hiatal hernia

Answer 2

most common type of hiatal hernia where the abdominal part of the esophagus, the cardia, and parts of the fundus of the stomach slide superiorly through the esophageal hiatus into the thorax

Question 3

paraesophageal hiatal hernia

Answer 3

less common where a pouch of the peritoneum often containing part of the fundus, extends through the esophageal hiatus anterior to the esophagus

Question 4

partial gastrectomy

Answer 4

removal of part of the stomach that contains the malignant tumor
removal of pyloric lymph nodes as well as right gastro-omental lymph nodes that receive drainage from the pyloric region, which is a common site for cancer

Question 5

gastric ulcers

Answer 5

open lesions of the mucosa of the stomach

associated with Helicobacter pylori

Question 6

peptic ulcers

Answer 6

lesions of the mucosa of the pyloric canal or duodenum (more common)
associated with Helicobacter pylori

Question 7

Vagotomy

Answer 7

surgical resection of vagal nerves that supply the parietal cells to reduce the production of the acid

Question 8

Ileal diverticulum

Answer 8

meckel’s diverticulum
congenital anomaly that arises from the anti-mesenteric border of the ileum that represents the remnant of the embryonic omphalmo-enteric duct appearing as a 3-6cm finger-like pouch

Question 9

Diverticulosis

Answer 9

found in sigmoid colon that effects elderly people where multiple external Evaginations of the mucosa of the colon develop
subject to infection and rupture (diverticulitis)

Question 10

appendicitis

Answer 10

acute inflammation of the appendix results in severe abdominal pain
commences as vague pain in the perilumbilical region later shifting to the right lower quadrant due to irritation of the parietal perritoneum
McBurney’s point produces the maximum abdominal tenderness

Question 11

appendectomy

Answer 11

surgical removal of the appendix

transverse (gridiron) muscle-splitting incision centered at McBurney point in the lower right quadrant

Question 12

Colitis

Answer 12

chronic inflammation of the colon

characterized by severe inflammmation and ulceration of the colon and rectum

Question 13

colectomy

Answer 13

performed to treat colitis

the terminal ileum and colon, as well as the rectum and anal canal, are removed

Question 14

ileostomy

Answer 14

create an artificial cutaneous opening for the terminal part of the ileum or colon respectively

Question 15

colonoscopy

Answer 15

long fiberoptic endoscope inserted into the colon through the anus and rectum to examine the inner surface of the colon for any tumors, biopsies, or removal of polyps

Question 16

rupture of the spleen

Answer 16

this is the most requently injured organ in the abdomen due to blunt trauma or sharp bone fragments

Question 17

splenomegaly

Answer 17

enlarged spleen

can be up to 10 times its normal size in diseased conditions

Question 18

subphrenic abscesses

Answer 18

may occur due to peritonitis
can drain into hepatorenal recesses
occur more frequently on the right side because of the frequency of ruptured appendices and perforated duodenal ulcers

Question 19

liver biopsy

Answer 19

obtained through needle puncture passing through right 10th intercostal space in the midaxillary line
done during maximum expiration

Question 20

rupture of the liver

Answer 20

due to fractured ribs that perforates the diaphragm causing hemorrhage and pain in the upper right quadrant

Question 21

cirrhosis of the liver

Answer 21

most common cause of portal hypertension
seen in chronic alcoholics
hepatocytes are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue making the liver firm and the circulation of blood through it difficult

Question 22

hepatic lobectomy

Answer 22

removal of part of the liver

possible because the right and left hepatic arteries and ducts as well as portal veins do not communicate significantly

Question 23

gallstones

Answer 23

concentrations in the gallbladder cystic duct, hepatic ducts, or bile duct
the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the narrowest part of the biliary passages and is the common site for impaction of a gallstone
if blocks cystic duct, cholecystitis occurs because of bile accumulation causing gallbladder enlargement

Question 24

cholecystectomy

Answer 24

done to remove the gallbladder