Abdominal Vasculature and Viscera Flashcards
Hiatal hernia
protrusion of a part of the stomach through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
Sliding hiatal hernia
most common type of hiatal hernia where the abdominal part of the esophagus, the cardia, and parts of the fundus of the stomach slide superiorly through the esophageal hiatus into the thorax
paraesophageal hiatal hernia
less common where a pouch of the peritoneum often containing part of the fundus, extends through the esophageal hiatus anterior to the esophagus
partial gastrectomy
removal of part of the stomach that contains the malignant tumor
removal of pyloric lymph nodes as well as right gastro-omental lymph nodes that receive drainage from the pyloric region, which is a common site for cancer
gastric ulcers
open lesions of the mucosa of the stomach
associated with Helicobacter pylori
peptic ulcers
lesions of the mucosa of the pyloric canal or duodenum (more common)
associated with Helicobacter pylori
Vagotomy
surgical resection of vagal nerves that supply the parietal cells to reduce the production of the acid
Ileal diverticulum
meckel’s diverticulum
congenital anomaly that arises from the anti-mesenteric border of the ileum that represents the remnant of the embryonic omphalmo-enteric duct appearing as a 3-6cm finger-like pouch
Diverticulosis
found in sigmoid colon that effects elderly people where multiple external Evaginations of the mucosa of the colon develop
subject to infection and rupture (diverticulitis)
appendicitis
acute inflammation of the appendix results in severe abdominal pain
commences as vague pain in the perilumbilical region later shifting to the right lower quadrant due to irritation of the parietal perritoneum
McBurney’s point produces the maximum abdominal tenderness
appendectomy
surgical removal of the appendix
transverse (gridiron) muscle-splitting incision centered at McBurney point in the lower right quadrant
Colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon
characterized by severe inflammmation and ulceration of the colon and rectum
colectomy
performed to treat colitis
the terminal ileum and colon, as well as the rectum and anal canal, are removed
ileostomy
create an artificial cutaneous opening for the terminal part of the ileum or colon respectively
colonoscopy
long fiberoptic endoscope inserted into the colon through the anus and rectum to examine the inner surface of the colon for any tumors, biopsies, or removal of polyps
rupture of the spleen
this is the most requently injured organ in the abdomen due to blunt trauma or sharp bone fragments
splenomegaly
enlarged spleen
can be up to 10 times its normal size in diseased conditions
subphrenic abscesses
may occur due to peritonitis
can drain into hepatorenal recesses
occur more frequently on the right side because of the frequency of ruptured appendices and perforated duodenal ulcers
liver biopsy
obtained through needle puncture passing through right 10th intercostal space in the midaxillary line
done during maximum expiration
rupture of the liver
due to fractured ribs that perforates the diaphragm causing hemorrhage and pain in the upper right quadrant
cirrhosis of the liver
most common cause of portal hypertension
seen in chronic alcoholics
hepatocytes are destroyed and replaced by fibrous tissue making the liver firm and the circulation of blood through it difficult
hepatic lobectomy
removal of part of the liver
possible because the right and left hepatic arteries and ducts as well as portal veins do not communicate significantly
gallstones
concentrations in the gallbladder cystic duct, hepatic ducts, or bile duct
the hepatopancreatic ampulla is the narrowest part of the biliary passages and is the common site for impaction of a gallstone
if blocks cystic duct, cholecystitis occurs because of bile accumulation causing gallbladder enlargement
cholecystectomy
done to remove the gallbladder
