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EMT Class > Abdominal, Gynecological, Genitourinary, and Renal Emergencies > Flashcards

Abdominal, Gynecological, Genitourinary, and Renal Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

Solid organs in abdominal cavity

A

Spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys, ovaries

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2
Q

Hollow organs in abdominal cavity

A

Stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, large intestine, small intestine, bladder, appendix, fallopian tubes, uterus, ureters

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3
Q

Peritoneum (definition and contents)

A

Lining of abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum: covers organs
Parietal peritoneum: Attached directly to abdominal wall

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4
Q

Intraperitoneal space

A

Space between visceral and parietal peritoneum

Houses the spleen, liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, and part of the large intestine

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5
Q

Retroperitoneal space

A

Space outside the intraperitoneal space

Houses kidneys, pancreas, ureters, and abdominal aorta

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6
Q

Organs located in Right Upper Quadrant of Abdomen

A
  1. Majority of liver
  2. R kidney
  3. pt Colon
  4. Part of pancreas
  5. Gallbladder
  6. Pt Small intestines
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7
Q

Organs located in Left Upper Quadrant of Abdomen

A
  1. Small am’t liver
  2. Spleen
  3. L kidney
  4. Stomach
  5. Pt Colon
  6. Most of pancreas
  7. Pt Small intestines
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8
Q

Organs located in Right Lower Quadrant of Abdomen

A
  1. Pt. colon
  2. Pt. small intestines
  3. R ureter
  4. R ovary
  5. R fallopian tube
  6. appendix
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9
Q

Organs located in Left Lower Quadrant of Abdomen

A
  1. Colon
  2. Small intestines
  3. L ureter
  4. L ovary
  5. L fallopian tube
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10
Q

Organs located in midline area of abdomone

A
  1. Bladder
  2. Uterus
  3. Prostate
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11
Q

Types of abdominal pain

A
  1. Visceral pain
  2. Parietal pain (Somatic pain)
  3. Referred pain
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12
Q

Visceral pain

A

The visceral peritoneum contains nerves of the autonomic nervous system

  • Difficult to pinpoint where the pain is
  • Often referred to as a “colicky” pain.
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13
Q

Parietal pain

A

Parietal peritoneum shares the same nerve path from the spinal cord that is connected to the skin on the abdomen, which means it can perceive much of the same sensations such as pain and pressure.

  • Easier to pinpoint particular area in regard to pain.
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14
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain (from the visceral peritoneum) felt by the patient on areas of the body that appear to have no relation to the abdominal area (such as the back or shoulder)

  • Common in cholecystitis, or inflammation of the gall bladder
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15
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum that is usually the result of blood, bacteria, or chemical substances that enter the abdominal cavity

-Signs: abdominal pain, abdominal distention, fever, loss of appetite, and a positive Markle Test.

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16
Q

Appendicitis

A

Inflammation of the appendix due to infection, often from fecal matter

Signs: nausea, vomiting, fever, lack of appetite (anorexia), positive Markel Test, and jaundice (yellowing) of the skin

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17
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas, caused by excessive alcohol use, gallstones, pancreatic cancer, trauma

Signs: abdominal pain (which might be severe, radiating from the umbilicus to the back and shoulders), distention, fever, tachycardia and shock

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18
Q

Cholecystis

A

Inflammation of the gall bladder

Signs: pain in the epigastric area, right upper abdominal pain (which may be referred to the right shoulder), heartburn, belching, nausea, and vomiting (with the vomitus a greenish color [bile] in most cases).

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19
Q

GI bleeding

A

Bleeding in either esophagus, stomach, or intestines, caused by colon cancer, esophageal varices, ulcers, hemorrhoids, ischemic and/or obstructed bowels, and trauma.

S&S: weakness, abdominal pain, hematemesis (vomiting of blood), vomitus that looks like coffee grounds, (a classic sign of upper GI bleeding) hematochezia (bright red blood in stool), melena (dark tarry stools), syncope, altered mental status, and shock

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20
Q

Esophageal varicies

A

Varicose veins that develop in the esophagus when the venous blood return to the liver is obstructed, which happens in conditions such as cirrhosis.

S&S: hematemesis (vomiting blood), tachycardia, shortness of breath, jaundice of the skin or sclera of the eyes (a result of the liver disease), and shock.

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21
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach and small and large intestines. Causes may include bacteria, parasites, food poisoning, and viruses.

S&S: severe diarrhea and vomiting, dehydration, abdominal pain/cramping (commonly described as “colicky”-type discomfort), headache, fever, tachycardia, and shock. Severe cases may include hematemesis, hematochezia, and melena.

22
Q

Ulcers

A

“Sores” that can form in various areas of the GI tract

S&S: heartburn, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, hematemesis (bright-red blood if acute; if blood has been in the digestive system for a longer period of time it will look like coffee grounds), hematochezia, melena (black, “tarry” feces), and shock.

23
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

Obstruction within the intestines that prevents contents such as gas, food, and fluids from moving forward. Obstructions can be caused by tumors, hernias, twisting or kinking of the bowel, scar tissue from surgeries, and adhesions (the intestinal walls sticking together). Fecal impaction (constipation) is also a common cause of an obstruction.

S&S: abdominal pain/cramping, abdominal distention, nausea, vomiting, constipation (diarrhea occurs when partially blocked), and, if perforation has occurred, peritonitis and sepsis

24
Q

Hernia

A

Protrusion of part of an organ through a muscular wall. The wall is weakened usually during activities such as heavy lifting, excessive and violent vomiting, and/or violent coughing.

S&S: Sudden onset of abdominal pain during heavy lifting or straining, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, and tenderness at the hernia site

25
Q

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)

A

A weakened, ballooned, and enlarged area of the wall of the abdominal aorta. abdominal cavity the space located below the diaphragm that extends to the pelvis. Causes life-threatening hemorrhaging when ruptured.

S&S: Slow symptoms; patinet feelspulsation over the abdomen, tenderness, and back pain, to abrupt rupture of the aneurysm, which leads to death. The pain may radiate into the lower back, flank, and/or midthoracic area.

Other signs and symptoms may include gradual onset of pain that may become severe, with the patient describing it as a “tearing” sensation, testicular pain in the male patient, nausea, vomiting, mottled abdominal skin, absent or decreased femoral or pedal pulses, and signs of shock

26
Q

Dysmenhorrea

A

Severe pain or cramps during menstruation

27
Q

Mittelschmerz

A

Abdominopelvic pain during the middle of a menstrual cycle that is associated with ovulation.

Often caused by fluid and/or blood released from the rupture of the ovarian tissue which may cause irritation to the peritoneum.

28
Q

Ovarian cysts

A

Small fluid-filled sacs that develop on ovaries. These cysts are harmless unless they rupture, which will cause bleeding and pain.

S&S: Abdominopelvic pain radiating to the back and vaginal bleeding, painful intercourse and pain while having a bowel movement.

29
Q

Endometritis

A

Inflammation or irritation of the lining of the uterus (endometrium)
Can be caused by sexual transmitted diseases (STDs; chlamydia, gonorrhea), intrauterine device (IUD), or any surgical procedure that enters the uterus through the cervix.

S&S: Abdominopelvic pain, abdominal distention, vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge that may present as an unusual color or odor, pain during a bowel movement, intercourse, exercise, and fever.

30
Q

Endometriosis

A

Occurs when endometrial tissue that grows inside the uterus grows outside the uterus elsewhere in the body. The endometrial tissue breaks down, causing bleeding and then forms scar tissue called lesions.

S&S: Pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrheal, painful intercourse and post intercourse, pain during a bowel movement, and pain to the lower back.

31
Q

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

A

Infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and cervix (the female reproductive tract)

Due to STDs, bacteria/viruses/fungi; occur in those who have undergone recent gynecological procedures, and who use an intrauterine device (or IUD)

S&S: Abdominopelvic pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, vaginal discharge that has a foul odor, painful intercourse, painful urination, and irregular menstrual cycles

32
Q

Common signs of STDs

A

Abdominopelvic pain, vaginal discharge that has a foul odor, fever, nausea, vomiting, irregular menstrual cycles, painful intercourse, painful urination, genital problems (itching, redness, swelling), and lesions

Other signs: PID, inflammation of the urethra (urethritis), inflammation of the cervix (cervicitis), inflammation of the prostrate (prostatitis), and fertility problems in both males and females.

33
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A

Infection of the urinary system that may involve one or all parts of the urinary system (kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra)

S&S: abdominopelvic pain; increased frequency or urge to urinate; painful, burning sensation when urinating (when urination does occur, it is usually in small amounts); cloudy, dark urine that has a foul or strong odor; pain to the pelvic area in women, with men often reporting pain in the rectal area and pain to the flank area; and blood in the urine (hematuria).

34
Q

Kidney stones

A

Small, hard deposits of substances such as calcium and uric acid (minerals and acid salts).
Can block ureter and cause inflammation and pain.

S&S: Signs and symptoms associated with kidney stones may include abdominopelvic pain, pain radiating from the flank that moves toward the groin area as the stone moves through the ureter, nausea, vomiting, hematuria, fever, and pain with urination.

35
Q

Kidney failure

A

Kidneys fail to function adequately due to injuries, poisons, and diseases (hypertension and diabetes are the most common).

S&S: abdominopelvic pain, hematuria, altered level of consciousness, decreased or in some cases no urine output, hypertension, and tachycardia. Patients in renal failure usually have other medical conditions associated with the renal insufficiency, such as pulmonary edema, metabolic disorders, hypertension, liver failure, seizure, and uremia.

36
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Uses a machine to filter the blood. This machine essentially acts as a kidney. This machine has dialysate within it that cleans the blood. Blood is on one side of a semipermeable membrane and dialysate is on the other. As the blood crosses this membrane to the side containing the dialysate, the waste products are removed. The access site may be a shunt, fistula, port, or graft.

37
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

The peritoneal membrane (the lining of the abdomen) is used to filter the blood. Dialysate is run through a tube into the patient’s abdomen. The dialysate remains in the abdomen for several hours so the blood may circulate and be cleaned by the dialysate. When finished, another tube drains the waste out of the body through a different tube

38
Q

Signs of complications due to dialysis

A

hypotension, muscle cramps, peritonitis, nausea, vomiting, hemorrhage/infection at the site of the shunt, and SOB.

39
Q

S&S of Internal Bleeding

A
  • Injuries to the surface of the body
  • Bruising, swelling, pain over vital organs
  • Painful, swollen, deformed extremities
  • Bleeding from a bodily orifice
  • Tender, rigid, or distended abdomen
  • Bright red substance in vomitus or vomitus that looks like coffee grounds
  • Dark, tarry stools OR bright red blood in stool
  • S&S of shock
40
Q

S&S of Shock (Hypoperfusion)

A
  • Altered mental status
  • Pale, cool, clammy skin
  • Nausea & vomiting
  • Vital sign changes (Pulse, RR go up then down, BP goes down)
  • Thirst
  • Dilated pupils
  • Cyanosis
  • Diminished or absent peripheral pulses
41
Q

Abdominal aorta

A

The portion of the descending aorta that extends from the
thoracic portion of the aorta proximally to the distal point
where the aorta divides into the iliac arteries; arteries
branching from the abdominal aorta supply the abdominal
organs.

42
Q

Guarded position

A

The position in which a patient with severe abdominal pain
usually assumes, with knees drawn up and hands clenched
over the abdominal area.

43
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood.

44
Q

Hematochezia

A

Bright-red blood in the stool.

45
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in the urine.

46
Q

Involuntary guarding

A

Abdominal wall muscle contraction caused by inflammation of
the peritoneum that the patient cannot control; also called
“rigidity”.

47
Q

Markle Test

A

A test for the presence of peritonitis during which the patient
stands on the toes, then drops to the heels, or during which
the heels are struck together or struck on the bottom; jarring of
the torso will elicit pain when peritoneal linings are inflamed;
also called the “heel drop test”.

48
Q

Melena

A

Dark, tarry stools containing decomposing blood normally from
the upper gastrointestinal (GI) system.

49
Q

Voluntary guarding

A

Contraction of the abdominal muscles by the patient in
anticipation of pain or when an unpleasant feeling occurs; the
abdomen is rigid upon palpation.

50
Q

Renal calculi

A

Kidney stones.

EMT Class (14 decks)

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