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Abdominal Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What should you look for in general inspection?

A

State - stable, pain/discomfort

Skin - jaundice, bronze pigmentation (haemochromatosis), pallor

Size - cachexia, gynaecomastia

Surroundings - vomit bowls etc.

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2
Q

What should you look for in the nails?

A
  • Clubbing
  • Leukonychia
  • Koilonychia
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3
Q

What are some GI causes of clubbing?

A
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • IBD
  • Coeliac
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4
Q

What causes leukonychia?

A

Hypoalbuminaemia (liver cirrhosis)

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5
Q

What kind of tremor might be seen in patients with GI pathology?

A

Flapping tremor - hepatic encephalopathy

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6
Q

What should you look for on the palms?

A
  • Palmar erythema
  • Dupuytren’s contracture
  • Fingertip capillary glucose monitoring marks
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7
Q

What causes palmar erythema?

A
  • Liver disease, pregnancy (inc. circulating oestrogen)
  • Thryotoxicosis
  • Polycythaemia
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8
Q

What should you look for in the arms, neck and axillae?

A
  • Bruising
  • Excoriations (scratch marks)
  • Spider naevi
  • Acanthosis nigricans
  • Lymphadenopathy
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9
Q

What are spider naevi associated with?

A

> 2-3 associated with liver cirrhosis

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10
Q

What should you look for in the eyes?

A
  • Sclera (jaundice)
  • Conjunctival pallor
  • Periorbital xanthelasma
  • Kayser-Fleischer rings (Wilson’s disease)
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11
Q

What should you look for in the mouth?

A
  • Glossitis
  • Macroglossia
  • Apthous ulcers
  • Gum hypertrophy
  • Breath odor
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12
Q

What should you look for on the abdomen?

A
  • Distension (fluid, flatus, fat, foetus, faeces)
  • Incusional hernias
  • Scars
  • Striae
  • Spider naevi
  • Movement with respiration
  • Obvious pulsations
  • Distended anastomoses
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13
Q

How do you examine for an abdominal aorta aneurysm?

A
  • Align hands parallel to the aorta

- Start laterally and move medially

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14
Q

In what order do you do palpitations?

A
  • Superficial
  • Deep
  • Liver
  • Spleen
  • Kidneys
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15
Q

Where do you auscultate for renal bruits?

A

Either side above the umbilicus

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16
Q

How do you improve palpation of the spleen?

A

Ask the patient to roll onto their right side with tucked legs

17
Q

What are some causes of splenomegaly?

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Leukaemia
  • Myelofibrosis
  • Malaria
  • Portal hypertension
  • Haemolysis
18
Q

What positioning do you want?

A

Exposed abdomen, lie flat

OSCE (6 decks)

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