Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PACES > Abdominal Exam > Flashcards

Abdominal Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Causes of liver cirrhosis

A

Alcohol
Viral - hep B and C
Autoimmune - PBC, PSC, auto hep
Metabolic - NAFLD, haemochromatosis, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Wilsons disease, cystic fibrosis
Drugs - metronidazole isoniazid amiodarone, phenytoin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Consequences of cirrhosis

A

Portal hypertension – oesophageal varices, ascites hypersplenism
Liver dysfunction - coagulopathy encephalopathy, jaundice, hypoalbuminaemia
HCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of hepatomegaly

A

Malignancy (1 + 2)
Cirrhosis - NAFLD, ALD, PBC
Hepatic congestion - R heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
Alcoholic hepatitis
Infected - viral, toxoplasmosis, hydatid dz, amoebic/pyrogenic abscess
Infiltration - amyloid, sarcoidosis, glycogen storage disorders
Vascular - budd-chiari, sickle cell
Polycystic liver disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of decompensation in cirrhosis

A 
Infection
SBP (>500 neutrophils/microlitre)
Hypokalemia (decreases renal ammonia clearance)
GI bleeding
Sedatives
HCC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cancers which commonly metastasise to liver

A 
Colorectal
Breast
Oesophageal
Lung
Gastric
Renal
Endometrial
Sarcoma
Bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name some benign liver tumours

A

Cavernous haemangioma - most common benign
Hepatic adenoma
Focal nodular hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Infective causes of acute hepatitis

A 
Hep A B C E
EBV
CMV
Toxoplasmosis
HSV
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Causes of massive splenomegaly

A 
CML
myelofibrosis
Malaria
AIDS with mycobacterium avium complex
visceral leishmaniasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of moderate splenomegaly

A 
Portal hypertension
lymphoma
leukaemia (Acute or chronic)
Thalassaemia
Glycogen and lipid storage diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the cytogenetics of CML?

A

The Philadelphia chromosome is present in 90 to 95% of patients with CML. This is a translocation of chromosome 9 and 22 leading to increased oncogene activity through tyrosine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the causes of hyposplenism?

A

Splenic infarction (sickle-cell anaemia, vasculitis)
Splenic artery thrombosis
Infiltrative conditions (amyloid, sarcoid)
Coeliac disease
Autoimmune disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Felty’s syndrome?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis with splenomegaly and neutropenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do you diagnose haemochromatosis?

A

Transferrin sats >60% in males, >50% in females

Liver biopsy to confirm Dx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Complications of haemochromatosis

A

HCC - needs 6monthly surveillance (USS and alpha fetoprotein)
Diabetes (decreased insulin sensitivity)
Arthropathy
Restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Major causes of chronic renal disease in developed world

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Glomerulonephritis
Polycystic kidneys
Reflux nephropathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the complications of CKD?

A 
Fluid overload
Hyperkalaemia
Hyperphosphataemia
Metabolic acidosis
Renal osteodystrophy (low Ca and vit D, high phos and PTH)
Anaemia
16
Q

What is renal osteodystrophy?

A

In End stage CKD, you get reduced phos excretion and decreased conversion of vit D3 to calcitriol (active form)
-> low Ca -> 2ndary high PTH -> altered bone mineralisation
Osteitis fibrosa - increased bone turnover, bone cysts
Osteomalacia - decreased mineralisation,
Adynamic bone disease - MOST COMMON. Bone turnover markedly reduced, no mineralisation defect

17
Q

Indications for renal replacement therapy

A

Uraemic pericarditis/pleuritis/encephalopathy
Volume overload refractory to diuretics
Hypertension refractory to antihypertensives
Refractory hyperkalaemia/acidosis

18
Q

Define nephrotic syndrome

A

Hypoalbuminaemia 3g/24hours

Oedema

19
Q

Causes of nephrotic syndrome

A 
Systemic - DM, SLE, amyloidosis
Renal:
Minimal change disease - idiopathic, secondary to DM, NSAIDS, HIV, paraneoplastic Hodgkin's lymphoma, IgA nephropathy 
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
Membranous GN
Mesangiocapillary GN
20
Q

What is the inheritance of haemochromatosis?

which chromosome?

A

auto recessive chrom 6

21
Q

What is the inheritance of haemochromatosis?

which chromosome?

A

auto recessive chrom 6

22
Q

Causes of unilateral kidney enlargement

A

polycystic kidney disease
renal cell carcinoma
simple cyst
obstructive hydronephrosis

23
Q

Causes of bilateral kidney enlargement

A 
renal cell carcinoma
bilateral hydronephrosis
polycystic kidney disease
tuberous sclerosis
amyloidosis
24
Q

genetics of polycystic kidney disease?

A

85% ADPKD1 chrom 16

15% ADPKD2 chrom 4

25
Q

other organ involvement with PKD

A

hepatic cysts and hepatomegaly
intracranial Berry aneurysms
mitral valve prolapse

26
Q

Causes for renal transplant

A

glomerulonephritis
diabetic nephropathy
ADPKD

27
Q

Causes for renal transplant

A

glomerulonephritis
diabetic nephropathy
ADPKD

28
Q

Differential diagnosis for Crohn’s disease

A

UC
Yersinia
TB
lymphoma

29
Q

Differential Diagnosis for UC

A 
Crohns
infection (campylobacter)
ischaemic bowel
drugs
radiation
30
Q

Treatment of Crohns disease

A

mild-mod - oral steroids, mesalazine
severe - IV steroids, IV infliximab
maintenance - steroids, azathioprine, methotrexate, infliximab

31
Q

Treatment of UC

A

mild - mod: rectal steroids, mesalazine

severe: IV steroids, IV ciclosporin
maintenance: oral steroids, 5-ASA, azathioprine

32
Q

Treatment of UC

A

mild - mod: rectal steroids, mesalazine

severe: IV steroids, IV ciclosporin
maintenance: oral steroids, 5-ASA, azathioprine

33
Q

complications of Crohns

A 
malabsorption
anaemia
fistula
abscess
SBO from strictures
34
Q

Complications of UC

A

anaemia
toxic megacolon
perforation
colonic carcinoma (high risk with pancolitis)

35
Q

extra-intestinal manifestations of IBD

A

mouth: apthous mouth ulcers
skin: clubbing, pyoderma gangrenosum, erythema nodosum
eyes: uveitis, episcleritis, iritis

PACES (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions