Abdominal Exam Flashcards
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Midline laparotomy
Emergency laparotomy e.g. perforation/ ischaemic bowel
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Paramedian
Rarely performed in UK
Lateral viscera: kidneys, spleen, adrenals
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Kocher
Cholecystectomy
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Mercedes Benz
Liver transplantation
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Chevron/ Rooftop
Oesophagectomy, bilateral adrenalectomy, liver transplant
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Lanz
More aesthetically pleasing than Gridiron
Appendicectomy
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Gridiron
Appendicectomy
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Rutherford Morrison
Kidney transplantation
Name the scar. What surgery may have been performed?
Pfannenstiel
O+G
C-section
Describe the layers cut through in a midline incision
Skin
Subcutaneous fat
Membranous fascia
Linea alba
Tranversalis fascia
Preperitoneal fat
Parietal peritoneum
What is this?
Ileostomy
What is this?
Colostomy
Give 2 characteristics of an ileostomy
Spouted
Liquid output
Give 2 characteristics of a colostomy
Flush
Solid output
What is this?
NG tube
What is this?
PEG
RFs for Dupuytrens contracture
Excessive alcohol
Diabetes
Genetics
Male
What is Dupuytrens contracture?
Thickening of palmar fascia resulting in development of cords of palmar fascia, eventually causing contracture deformities
2 Causes of leukonychia
Hypoalbuminaemia:
End-stage liver disease
Protein losing enteropathy
Cause of koilonychia
IDA
What is asterixis? Name 2 GI causes
Irregular flapping motion of hands
Hepatic encephalopathy (hyperammonaemia)
Uraemia secondary to renal failure
4 Gastrointestinal causes of clubbing
IBD
Coeliac
Liver Cirrhosis
Lymphoma of GIT
Cause of angular stomatitis
Iron deficiency
Cause of glossitis
Iron, folate + B12 deficiency
e.g. malabsorption due to IBD
3 causes of acanthosis nigricans
Benign
Insulin resistance (T2DM)
GI malignancy: stomach cancer
Cause of left supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
Virchow’s node palpable = Troisers sign
Metastatic intra-abdominal malignancy (mostly gastric cancer)
Causes of right supraclavicular lymphadenopathy
Metastatic oesophageal cancer
Drugs causes gynaecomastia
Digoxin
Spironolactone
Conditions causing gynaecomastia
Increased circulating oestrogen e.g. Cirrhosis
What are Spider naevi? What causes them?
central red papules with fine red lines extending radially
Increased circulating oestrogen
3 causes of spider naevi
Liver cirrhosis (esp. if >5)
COCP
Pregnancy
6 causes of abdominal distension
Fat
Fluid
Faeces
Flatus
Fetus
Fulminant mass
Caput medusae
Engorged paraumbilical veins a/w portal HTN
5 Causes of Striae
Ascites
Intra-abdominal malignancy
Cushings syndrome
Obesity
Pregnancy
6 Causes of ascites
CIRRHOSIS (portal HTN)
Hepatocellular carcinoma
HF
Pancreatitis
Hypoalbuminaemia
Peritoneal TB
6 causes of hepatomegaly
Hepatitis
Hepatocellular carcinoma/ mets
Wilson’s disease
Haemochromatosis
PBC
Glandular fever
5 causes of splenomegaly
Portal HTN due to liver cirrhosis
Haemolytic anaemia
Congestive HF
Splenic Mets
Glandular fever
Causes of bilaterally enlarged kidneys
Polycystic kidney disease
Amyloidosis
Cause of unilaterally enlarged kidneys
Renal tumour
Cause of tinkling bowel sounds
Bowel obstruction
Cause of renal bruits
Renal artery stenosis
Cause of pedal oedema
Hypoalbuminaemia: liver cirrhosis, protein losing enteropathy
What is seen here?
Umbilical hernia
What is seen here?
Femoral hernia
What is seen here?
Inguinal hernia
What is seen here?
Incisional hernia
