Abdomen Flashcards
abdomen
the largest cavity of the body that obtains the digestive, urinary, & reproductive system
alimentary canal
hollow tube from the mouth to the anus
how long is the esophagus
10 inches
how big is the stomach
it is dependent on how much food a person eats
how long is the small intestines
8-12 ft
how long is the large intestines
5-5.5 ft
what is the largest internal gland of the body
the liver
the only digestive responsibility of the liver is to…
secrete bile
what does the liver produce
- bile
- antibodies
- substance for coagulation of blood
what is the function of the liver?
- aids protein, fat, and carb metabolism
- detoxifies harmful substance in the body
- stores vitamins
the gall bladder secretes & releases…
- stores biles
- release bile when fat is eaten for fat emulsion
what does the pancreas secrete
(endocrine)
insuline for carb and sugar metabolism
what does the pancreas secrete?
(exocrine)
pancreatic juice to assist with digestion of fat, protein, & carbs
what is the largest lymphoid organ?
spleen
what is the function of the spleen?
- graveyard for RBCs
- site for lymphatic proliferation & immune surveilance
- destroys old RBCs
- returns old products to the liver
what is the urinary system composed of?
- kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
glomeruli
cluster of capillaries of the kidneys that filters >1L of fluid/min
3 landmarks of the urinary system
- costvertebral angle
- rectum abdominus
- symphysis pubis
5 abdominal landmarks
- xyphoid process
- umbillicus
- costal margin
- iliac crest
- pubic bone
major convers as individuals advance in age?
urinary elimination
urinary concern common in elderly men
urinary retention
urinary concern common in elderly female
- urinary incontinence
- frequency/urgency
what is common in age 75 & older?
loss of nephrons leading to less glomerular filtration leading to susceptibility to drug toxicity
where is benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) most common?
common in 95% of men 85 y/o & older
- results in urinary retention/trickling when voiding
what is urolithiasis (renal calculi)?
renal stones blocing the urinary tract
- common in caucasians
renal calculi nursing interventions
- strain all urine
- save stones
- report to MD
risk factor for urolithiasis
family hx
what can you do for a patient with urolithiasis
encourage 3L of fluids/day
- make sure no fluid restrictions are in place (CHF)
what is mapping of the abdomen?
4 quadrants or 9 regions for PA
which organs in RUQ?
liver & gallbladder
which organs in LUQ?
stomach & spleen
which organs in RLQ?
appendix
LLQ pain is associated with…
diverticular diseases
what sound is heard over liver or any solid organ like tume/pregnancy/ ascites?
dullness
strict sequence of abdominal assessment
- inspect
- auscultate
- percuss
- palpate
which abdominal finding should be reported on inspection of the abdomen that requires immediate intervention?
stong abdominal pulsation
- abdominal aortic aneurysm
what quadrant do you auscultate first?
RLQ
best position to assess for distention?
supine w/ small pillow under head
which technique used to assess distention?
INDIRECT percussion
abdominal contour of slightly skinny person?
flat
abdominal contour of very skinny person?
scaphoid
abdominal contour of a fat person
rounded to protuberant
abdominal contour of infant
rounded and protuberant
abdominal contour of ascites
protuberant
abdominal contour of 3 trimester pregnancy?
protuberant
what should nurse expect w/ large hematoma located at the CVA?
injuries to kidneys
what percussion for large hematoma at the CVA
BLUNT percussion
what pain does blunt percussion of CVA indicate?
kidney disease or injury
when are kidneys palpable?
- presence of neoplasms
- polycystic diseases
- cancer
why is bladder cancer more common in men?
linked to smoking
what does acute renal failure include before becoming chronic?
- stage 1: OLIGURIA (small urine)
- stage 2: DIURESIS (excess urine)
- stage 3: RECOVERY
what is uremia?
urine product buildup in the blood
- hallmark for chronic renal failure
crystalized urea on skin is…
uremic frost
azotemia
high level of nitrogen compound in the blood due to inefficient functioning of kidneys
urinary incontinence
inability to retain urine
5 types of incontinence
- FUNCTIONAL (inability to reach toilet)
- REFLEX (spinal cord damage)
- STRESS (increase abdominal pressure due to coughing sneezing or aging)
- URGE (increase fluid intake in short amt of time)
- TOTAL (due to neurological condition)
patient’s output > input
can be due to DM or kidney failure
anuria
< 100ml/day
oliguria
< 400ml/day
glycosuria
sugar in urine
enuresis
involuntary urination
- common in 5 y/o or younger
normal urine output/day
800-2,000ml/day
major role of kidney w/ excessive drop in BP
release/secrete renin to regulate BP
hepatitis
inflammation of liver caused by virus, bacteria, chemicals, drugs, and sometimes parasites
where is hepatitis A most common?
children b/c they do not wash hands before eating
where is hepatitis E most common?
america
what route is hepatitis A & E contracted?
fecal & oral
hepatitis C, B, & D are
blood route
where is hepatits C most common?
people w/ tattoos
- not using sterile needles, blood, parenterally
where is hepatitis B & D most common?
- sexually transmitted
- blood to blood products
- body fluids
- parenteral
- mother to child
the only time you get hepatitis D when you already have…
hepatitis B
chronic inflammation of the intestines
- Crohn’s disease
- can involve any part of the lower intestines
S/Sx of Crohn’s
- adb pain
- diarrhea
- then remisson
is there medical/surgical intervention for Crohn’s?
no
colitis
inflammation of the colon
s/sx of colitis
- abd pain
- diarrhea
- blood in stool
what condition may require long term medical intervention?
colitis
splenomegaly
infection of the spleen caused by mononucleosis (kissing disease) by Epstein-Barr virus or Herpes-Virus 4
A.G.E.
acute gastroenteritis
s/sx of A.G.E.
- diarrhea
- w/ or w/o N/V
- w/ or w/o fever
- hyperactive bowel
2 causes of A.G.E.
- salmonella
- shigella
what should nurse watch out for during episode of A.G.E.
dehydration
who can dehydration be fatal in?
children
most accurate indicator of dehydration in children?
- low LOC
- weight loss
- low urine output
normal size of aorta w/o aneurysm
3 cm
indication of neurysm or balooning of blood vessels
widened aorta
pain in McBurney’s point indicates…
acute appendicitis
where is McBurney’s point?
RLQ from the inguinal to umbilicus
- when you make imaginary line from umbilicus to right inhuinal area, the middle third
what does positive Bloombergs sign indicate?
- medical emergency
- pt will feel stabbing pain as compressed abdomen returns to non-compressed state
- can be due to peritoneal irritation
sharp pain in LUQ when palpating the lower border of the liver is?
positive for murphy sign
positive murpheys sign indicates…
cholecystitis
pain in RLQ when palpating LLQ indicaties
positive rovsing sign
