Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Health Assessment > Abd/GI/GU/Pedi/Geri/OB > Flashcards

Abd/GI/GU/Pedi/Geri/OB Flashcards

1
Q

Age Related GI Changes

A

Motility and peristalsis slows
Constipation increases

Fat becomes more pronounced in the abdomen
Weakening abdominal muscles produces a “potbelly”

Symptoms of acute disease may be diminished
↓ pain
Fever less pronounced

Salivation decreases
Dry mouth, decreased taste

Esophageal emptying slowed
Feed in upright position

Liver size decreases with age
Blood flow to the liver is decreased by 55%
Metabolism of drugs is decreased and/or prolonged with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pica

A

Eating non-nutritious food substances.
Ex: grass, clay, stones, clothing, starch.

Common in early childhood, pregnancy, psychologically impaired individuals.

Can be due to iron deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Food intolerance

A

Foods that cause other symptoms.

Ex: lactose intolerance, wheat intolerance

Some intolerance are also allergies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Melena

A

Blood in the stool. May appear bright red, maroon or black and tarry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Diarrhea

A

Loose, watery stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Constipation

A

Fecal impaction, decrease in stool freq

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hemmoroids

A

Varicose veins in the rectal area.

Due to straining, obesity, pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing foods, liquids, saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Dysphasia

A

Partial or complete impairment in the ability to speak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pyrosis

A

Burning, as in heartburn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When collecting subjective data from your patient re: their PMH, is it important to ask about any recent traveling to a foreign country?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Abdomen sequence when collecting objective data

A

Inspection
Auscultation
Percussion
Palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is the abdomen sequency IAPP?

A

Palpation will alter the sounds when auscultating. Will not be accurate.

Can palpate something that shouldn’t be palpated if you don’t listen first!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Striae

A

Stretch marks (scars)

Pink- newer
silver/white- older

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Contour

A

Determine the profile from the rib margin to the pubic bone

Flat
Rounded
Scaphoid
Protuberant (indicates distention)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Umbilicus

A

Should be midline and inverted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aorta is slightly _________ of the midline.

A

left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where do bowel sounds originate from?

A

Movement of air and fluids through the small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bowel sounds regular rate

A

Every 5-15 sec or 5-30/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bowel sounds

A

High pitched, gurgling, cascading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hypoactive bowel sounds

A

Less than 5 sounds per minute

Peritonitis, ileus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hyperactive bowel sounds

A

Loud, high pitched, rushing, tinkling sounds

Gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Normoactive bowel sounds

A

Normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Absent

A

No sounds for over 5 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Borborygmus

A

“Growling” stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

How long should you listen to bowel sounds when you do not hear any sounds?

A

20 minutes total

5 minutes per quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Use the bell to listen for

A

Bruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Are bruits normal or abnormal?

A

Abnormal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Tympany

Percussion of the abdomen

A

is the prominent sound

Stomach and intestine

Heard over air filled area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What type of sound is heard over organs?

A

Dull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What areas do you percuss last?

A

the painful areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Hyperresonance is heard over

A

gaseous distention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What side of the patient do you stand on when palpating?

A

the patient’s right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When palpating, should the patient’s legs be straight or bent? Why?

A

Bent; to reduce tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Light palpation of abdomen

A

Press down 1-2cm in a rotating motion with one hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Deep palpation of abdomen is used to

A

evaluate organs and find masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Rebound tenderness

A

Pain increases after releasing from deep palpation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Appendicitis pain is felt in which quadrant?

A

RLQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Palpating the liver

A

Deep palpation using the hooking technique, RUQ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hooking technique

A

Stand on client’s right side

Place right hand at the client’s midclavicular line under and parallel to the costal margin

Client inhales and deeply exhales while pressing in and up with the right fingers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Palpating the spleen

A

Not usually palpable, LUQ

Must be enlarged 3x normal size before palpable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What causes the spleen to be enlarged?

A

Mono, trauma, lymphoma, leukemia

Do not continue to palpate if enlarged; can rupture easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When do you percuss using Murphey’s punch?

A

When evaluating the kidneys

Should feel thud, no pain

Pain present with inflammation of the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Are kidneys usually palpable?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Palpating the bladder

A

Deep palpation is used in the hypogastric region, superior to suprapubic bone

Empty bladder- unable to palpate
Full bladder- enlarged
If tender, suspect UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Ascites

A

Fluid in the abdomen

Protuberant abdomen w/ bulging flanks

Tympany to dullness

Usually happens w/ liver disease

48
Q

Do men experience a definite end to fertility (similar to women)?

A

No, but there is a definite decline

49
Q

Erectile Dysfunction causes

A

Psychological: stress, anxiety, fatigue
Physical: diabetic neuropathy, CV disorders, spinal cord injuries
Non-physical: medications (anti-hypertensive)

50
Q

As men age, do testosterone levels increase or decrease?

A

Decrease

51
Q

Decrease in testosterone levels can cause

A

Fatigue, decreased libido, decreased sexual function, decrease in penis size

52
Q

When do testosterone levels start to decrease?

A

Begins mid-late 30’s

Not a rapid process like menopause

53
Q

Polyuria

A

excessive urination

54
Q

Oliguria

A

low urine output

55
Q

Nocturia

A

Get up at night on a regular basis to urinate

56
Q

Hematuria

A

Blood in urine

57
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

58
Q

Urgency

A

sudden, intense need to urinate

59
Q

Hesitancy

A

Dribbling, difficulty starting stream

60
Q

When collecting subjective data from both male and female patients you should

A

Gain trust
Build relationship with patient
Make them comfortable
Provide for privacy
Reassurance of confidentiality

61
Q

What is the most common form of cancer in men ages 15 to 35?

A

testicular cancer

62
Q

Risk factors for testicular cancer

A

un-descended testicle
prior hx of cancer in one testicle
family history of testicular cancer

More common in white males than in black males

63
Q

In what area do hernias often occur?

A

Inguinal area

64
Q

Characteristics of a hernia

A

Typically painless round, swollen area close to the pubis. Reduces w/ supine positioning.

Feel abnormal bulge/protrusion when palpating the inguinal area

65
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to the scrotum

Medical emergency

66
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

A

Imbalance of cell proliferation and programmed cell death

Creates urine outlet obstruction, impeding urine output

Present in about 80% of men >60 yrs old

67
Q

Signs and symptoms of BPH

A

Blood in the urine (Hematuria). Not a gross amount.
The need to urinate frequently, especially at night (Nocturia)
Weak or interrupted urine flow
Urgency
Pain or burning feeling while urinating
The inability to urinate
Constant pain in the lower back, pelvis, or upper thighs
Never feel like voided fully

68
Q

Risk factors of Prostate cancer

A

Increasing age
Family history (brother or father)
African-American & African Caribbean men (inherited genetic factor)
Obesity
Smoking

69
Q

How can we check for prostate cancer?

A

Digital rectal exam and Prostate-Specific antigen test

70
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of menses. Rapid decrease in female hormones.

48-51 typical age range

Effects of menopause:
Vaginal infections – pH becomes more alkaline
UTI’s
Dyspareunia – pain with intercourse
Lowered libido

71
Q

Perimenopause

A

40-55 age range

Hot flashes
Mood swings
Menstrual irregularity

72
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Painful menses

73
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

Menstruation less than 21 days

74
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Infrequent bleeding

75
Q

Metrorrhagia

A

Intermenstrual bleeding

76
Q

Postcoital bleeding

A

Bleeding after intercourse

77
Q

Pelvic pain could indicate

A

ectopic pregnancy

78
Q

How many months w/o menstruation to be considered menopausal?

A

12 consecutive months

79
Q

Stress

Urinary incontinence

A

Leakage of small amounts of urine during physical movement (coughing, sneezing, exercising).

80
Q

Urge

Urinary incontinence

A

Leakage of large amounts of urine at unexpected times, including during sleep.

81
Q

Overflow

Urinary incontinence

A

Unexpected leakage of small amounts of urine because of a full bladder.

82
Q

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

A

HPV causes almost all cervical cancers

2 FDA approved vaccines- Gardasil & Cervarix

83
Q

Health History Sequence

A

Biographic data
Reason for seeking care
Present health or history of present illness
Past history
Medication reconciliation
Family history
Review of systems
Functional assessment or activities of daily living (ADLs)

84
Q

Neonate/Infant Sequence

A

** When assessing an infant or neonate the order is different. It is NOT a typical Head to Toe Assessment **

Vital Signs
Measurement
Appearance
Chest & Heart
Abdomen
Head & Face
Eyes
Ears
Nose
Mouth and Throat
Neck
Upper extremities
Lower extremities
Genitalia
Neuro
Spine & Rectum

85
Q

Adolescent Sequence

A

Same as adult sequence

For well visits, keep in street clothes and work around them

86
Q

Young Child Sequence

A

Health history
Vital Signs
Appearance
Measurement
Upper extremities
Head, Face & Neck
Eyes
Nose
Mouth and throat
Ears
Posterior Thorax
Anterior Thorax, Heart, Lungs
Abdomen
Genitalia
Lower extremities

87
Q

Presumptive signs of pregnancy

A

Breast tenderness
Nausea
Fatigue
Urinary frequency increased

88
Q

Probable signs of pregnancy

A

Items detected by the examiner:
Enlarged uterus

89
Q

Positive signs of pregnancy

A

Direct evidence:
Auscultation of fetal heart sounds
Cardiac activity on ultrasound
HCG urine test

90
Q

Gravida

A

pregnancies

91
Q

Para

A

Births >20 weeks

92
Q

Term

A

Births >37 weeks

93
Q

Preterm

A

Births >20 weeks, <37 weeks

94
Q

Abortion

A

miscarriages, surgical

95
Q

Living children

A

Children alive

96
Q

How to determine weeks of gestation

A

Use Naegle’s rule

97
Q

Calculate due date using Naegle’s rule

A

Calculate the patient’s due date based on the following:

Begin on the first day of the last menstrual period. Subtract three months. Add 7 days. Add one year.

Example:
LMP 1st Day: 01/01/2020
LMP Last Day: 01/04/2020
01/01/20 (-) 3 months –> 10/01/19
10/01/19 (+) 7 days –> 10/08/19
10/08/19 (+) 1 Year –> 10/08/20 is the due date

98
Q

What subjective data do you collect from a pregnant patient?

A

-Menstrual hx: LMP, # of days in cycles, and certainty of LMP
-Gyn hx: Surgeries, pap, STD/STI, breast hx
-OB hx
-Current preg: Planned? Bleeding? Pain? Edema? Baby moving?
-All other subjective: Med hx, ROS, nutrition, family hx, environment

Differentiate between subjective and objective

99
Q

Chloasma

A

Butterfly shaped pigmentation of face

“mask of pregnancy”

100
Q

Linea nigra

A

hyperpigmented line sternal notch, past umbilicus to pubis

101
Q

Striae

A

stretch marks

bright red then lighten post-partum

102
Q

Are chloasma, linea nigra, and striae normal findings in a pregnant patient?

A

Yes

103
Q

Fundus

A

top of uterus

104
Q

When is fundus palpable?

A

12 weeks gestation

105
Q

Fundal height

A

Cm from symphysis to fundus

106
Q

Young old

A

65-74 years old

107
Q

Middle old

A

75-84 years old

108
Q

Old old

A

85+ years old

109
Q

Examples of ADLs

A

Eating, bathing, grooming, dressing, toileting, walking

110
Q

Examples of iADLs

Instrumental ADLs

A

Shopping, meal prep, housekeeping, laundry, managing finances, taking meds, using transportation

111
Q

Tests for mental status/cognition

A

MMSE and MOCA

Both the MMSE and the MoCA are routine cognitive screening tests rated on a 30-point scale. They are both brief, though the MMSE is a little shorter, taking about 7 to 8 minutes to administer. The MoCA takes approximately 10 to 12 minutes.

MMSE is relatively insensitive to mild disease (Patients with only minor cognitive impairment may be overlooked if this is the principal screening tool used).

For mild impairment, the MoCA is the better. It’s the more sensitive of the two and also more difficult. The MoCA discriminates very well between normal cognition and mild impairment or dementia, but it’s too difficult for moderate to severe conditions.

112
Q

MoCA is best for

A

Mild cognitive impairment

113
Q

Warning signs to stop driving in the geriatric population

A

Freq close calls, accidents
Finding dents, scrapes on car
Getting lost easily
Responding slower (brake vs gas)
Misjudging gaps in traffic
Driving too slow or too fast
Easily distracted
Having physical constraints (turning head)
Trouble maintaining correct lane

114
Q

Relationship between fundal height and weeks of gestation

A

In normal, singleton pregnancy after 20 weeks, cm = weeks of gestation

115
Q

MMSE

A

Mild impairment

Health Assessment (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions