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DMS > Abd Final > Flashcards

Abd Final Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Transabdominal ultrasound imaging of the prostate gland is of most use in diagnosing what type of condition?
A

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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2
Q
  1. The Courvoisier Sign is closely related to which of the pathology?
A

Pancreatic Carcinoma head

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3
Q
  1. What is the most common cause of splenomegaly in adults?
A

Portal hypertension

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4
Q
  1. What are the causes of pancreatic duct dilation?
A

Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer

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5
Q
  1. Know the ultrasound appearance of a simple renal cyst
A
  • Anechoic

- well defined walls

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6
Q
  1. In children, the counterpart of hepatocellular carcinoma is?
A

Hepatoblastoma

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7
Q
  1. The liver can be used as a sonographic window for which of the organs (or structures)?
A
  • Pancreas
  • Rt Kidney
  • Gallbladder
  • IVC
  • Aorta
  • diaphragm
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8
Q
  1. The prostate gland produces _________ fluid
A

seminal fluid

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9
Q
  1. Following trauma to the spleen, would you see fluid in perinephric fluid collection?
A

Yes, you would see perinephric
Fluid collection in extreme trauma

Hematocrit decreases

Not Extreme trauma = Morrison’s pouch fluid collection

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10
Q
  1. With focal sparing of the liver, the area that is spared will appear as?
A

odd shaped hypoechoic area

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11
Q
  1. The WES sign is indicative of what condition?
A

Gallstone or multiple small gallstones filling the lumen

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12
Q
  1. End-stage kidneys (renal failure) are characteristically associated with?
A
  • Decrease in size (Atrophy)
  • Increased echogenicity (Hyperechoic)
  • Low urine output (Oliguria)
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13
Q
  1. Normal variants of the kidney?
A
  • Hypertrophied Column of Bertin
  • Dromedary hump
  • Bilateral Renal Agenesis
  • Unilateral Renal Agenesis
  • Supernumerary kidney
  • Pelvic Kidney
  • Crossed fused renal ectopia
  • Thoracic kidney
  • Horseshoe kidney
  • Cake/lump kidney
  • Sigmoid kidney
  • Unilateral hypoplasia
  • Persistent fetal lobulation
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14
Q
  1. Renal cell carcinoma - most common in elderly or young, know location of it, where it would metastasize.
A
  • Most common malignancy of the renal in the adult
  • More common in males over 40 years of age
  • Usually unilateral
  • Metastases to renal veins, IVC, contralateral kidney, adrenals, para aortic nodes, lung liver, brain Long bones.
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15
Q
  1. Transitional Cell carcinoma of the kidneys appear? (Where does it show up in US?)
A

Renal Pelvis

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16
Q
  1. Angiomyolipoma - US appearance, symptoms and signs
A 
Angiomyolipoma (Renal Hamartoma)
US appearance:
-Homogenous
-Typically well circumscribed
-Hyperechoic (greater than sinus fat)
Signs and Symptoms:
Nausea, Vomiting, anemia, hypertension
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17
Q
  1. In infantile polycystic kidney disease, the kidneys appear?
A
  • Bilateral enlargement of kidneys
  • Increased echogenicity
  • poorly defined borders
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18
Q
  1. Signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy? (BPH)
A
  • Weak urinary stream
  • Urinary urgency
  • Nocturia
  • Leaking and dribbling of urine
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19
Q
  1. Wilson’s Disease
A
  • Rare congenital disorder
  • Faulty copper metabolism
  • Eventually results in severe damage to liver and brain
  • Diagnosis - blood and urine tests, liver biopsy
  • Treatment - Penicillamine
  • Signs eyes may have brownish green ring
  • Ultrasound - Range from hepatomegaly to cirrhosis
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20
Q
  1. Grave’s Disease
A
  • Anxiety
  • Irritability
  • Tremor in hands and fingers
  • Increased size of gland (goiter)
  • Decrease in echogenicity
  • Increased vascularity in gland
  • hypothyroidism
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21
Q
  1. A “strawberry gallbladder” refers to which condition?
A

Cholesterolosis

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22
Q
  1. Hemangioma - review US appearance, symptoms, and signs
A
  • Hemangioma - most common (of the benign splenic neoplasms), small
  • US appearance variable (hyperechoic to mixed)
  • in liver and spleen
  • rarely experience symptoms (asymptomatic)
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23
Q
  1. Adrenal hemorrhage is most common in which population?
A

neonates 2-7 days old

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24
Q
  1. Cause of a fluid collection around the testicle?
A

Epididymitis

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25
Q
  1. US appearance of testicular torsion?
A
  • Enlarged testicle
  • Decreased echogenicity
  • Scrotal wall thickening
  • Possible hydrocele
  • Lack of arterial flow on doppler
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26
Q
  1. The most common malignancy of the testicle?
A

Seminoma (most common) 40-50%

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27
Q
  1. Acute pancreatitis - know amylase and lipase rise rate
A
  • Blood and urinary amylase increase within 24 hours
  • stays elevated for 48-72 hours
  • Lipase increase within 24-48 hours
  • stays elevated 5-14 days
  • Amylase 2x times normal level indicates acute pancreatitis
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28
Q
  1. Neuroblastoma
A

Common in neonates

  • Malignant tumor of the adrenal
  • May displace renals inferiorly and anteriorly
  • Peak incidence is 2 months through 4 years
  • Virulent
  • Difficult to distinguish from Wilms Tumor
  • Mets usually present by time of diagnosis
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29
Q

*29. A cyst in the epididymal head cannot be differentiated by ultrasound from a

A

Spermatocele

pg 537

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30
Q
  1. What is the most commonly used view in mammography?
A

Mediolateral oblique (MLO) - most valuable view; mass localization superior to inferior to nipple

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31
Q
  1. Parathyroid adenomas, the lab value associated with this lesion is?
A

Elevated Serum Calcium (hypercalcemia)

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32
Q
  1. Know parameters in differentiating cystic from solid lesion
A

Anechoic
Well defined walls
Echogenic

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33
Q

*33. Know ultrasound characteristics that are suspicious for malignancy in the breast

A
  • Taller than wide

- Spiculated appearance

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34
Q
  1. Know what conditions are related to a hyperechoic appearance of the pancreas
A

*Cystic Fibrosis

Acute pancreatitis

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35
Q
  1. Know sonographic findings that are compatible with the diagnosis of carcinoma of the pancreatic head
A

Hypoechoic mass
Poorly defined
Usually greater than 2 cm

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36
Q
  1. Mirizzi syndrome - which duct is involved in it?
A
  • Stone impacted in cystic duct or neck of GB
  • May compress CBD
  • Dilated intrahepatic ducts
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37
Q
  1. In which zone is the majority of prostate cancer found?
A

the peripheral zone

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38
Q
  1. Jaundice can be attributed to which conditions?
A
  • Liver metastases
  • GB carcinoma
  • Choledocal cyst
  • Biliary obstruction
  • Choledocholithiasis
  • Cholangiocarcinoma
  • Acute Pancreatitis
  • Pancreatic Carcinoma
  • Biliary Atresia (neonatal)
  • hepatitis
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39
Q
  1. Portal hypertension - US appearance
A

Recanalized umbilical vien (LIG Teres)

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40
Q
  1. Carcinoma of the gallbladder - US appearance, symptoms and signs.
A

Ultrasound appearance:

  • Variable
  • Focal wall thickening
  • Irregular wall borders
  • Solid mass within lumen
  • Gallstones may be trapped within mass

Signs and symptoms: Asymptomatic, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, belching, RUQ pain, jaundice when biliary tree infiltrated

41
Q
  1. Do a halo sign in the thyroid gland typically (most likely) represent an adenoma?
A

Classically has peripheral echolucent halo

-Its presence DOES NOT rule out the possibility of thyroid carcinoma

42
Q
  1. The longus colli muscle muscle can mimic what pathology?
A

Thyroid mass

43
Q

*44. Do amebic abscess is associated with the “floating water lily sign”?

A

False - has nothing to do with abcess

44
Q
  1. The normal caudate lobe is less echogenic than the right and left lobes of the liver. True or False?
A

False

45
Q
  1. Elevated levels of direct bilirubin usually indicates biliary obstruction outside the liver. True or False?
A

True

46
Q
  1. Do Jaundice is associated with Adenomyomatosis of the gallbladder. True or False?
A

False

47
Q
  1. Cryptorchidism is associated with previous a previous episode of the Mumps. True or False?
A

False

48
Q
  1. Porcelain gallbladder is it a congenital condition?
A

False - Not a congenital condition

49
Q
  1. A spiculated mass in the breast is suspicious for malignancy or not?
A

True - Spiculated mass is suspicious for malignancy

50
Q
  1. Is hemangioma of the liver a malignant condition? True or False?
A

False

benign

51
Q
  1. Renal cell carcinoma may invade the renal vein? True or False?
A

True

52
Q
  1. A breast fibroadenoma has a strong potential for malignancy. True or False?
A

False?

benign

53
Q

*54. A simple breast cyst will most likely change shape with compression. True or False?

A

true

54
Q

*56. A choledochal cyst - is it congenital, know location of this cyst, which duct is involved in it?

A
  • Congenital cyst-like dilation of common duct
  • Most common is cyst-like dilation in porta hepatis area
  • Dilation of the CHD and CBD may be present
  • May have dilation of intrahepatic ducts
55
Q
  1. The majority of breast carcinomas occur in?
A

40% occur in upper outer quadrant

56
Q
  1. Using the fremitius maneuver in ultrasound examination of breast tissue, the suspected mass (if real) should?
A
  • Should not compress

- Should not color

57
Q
  1. A fibroadenoma of the breast - is it benign or malignant, solid or cystic?
A
  • Benign

- Solid

58
Q
  1. Know post-renal transplant fluid collections
A

urinoma, hematoma, perinephric abscess, lymphocele, seroma, are all fluid collections

59
Q
  1. What is galactocele?
A

a type of complex cyst in breast containing milk

60
Q
  1. Which of the follow is more ominous finding when visualizing a solid breast lesion?
A

Any findings associated with malignant breast tumors

-shadows that arise from the center portion of the lesion

61
Q

*63. Abscess- know US appearance, signs and symptoms

A
  • Dirty shadowing

- Internal echoes

62
Q
  1. A spermatocele would most likely be visualized on a LONG sonogram as?
A
  • Small anechoic cystic structure

- posterosuperior to testicles

63
Q
  1. Highest risk factor for malignant breast disease is?
A

Gender

64
Q
  1. Elevated levels of Prostate specific antigen (PSA) are found in?
A

Prostate cancer
Prostatitis
BPH

65
Q
  1. Junctional fold - know what it is
A

Body and neck of gallbladder

66
Q
  1. Many congenital anomalies of the urinary tract are linked with anomalies of what other body system?
A

Reproductive system

67
Q
  1. Nice;) - Normal diameter of the pancreatic duct in the body of the pancreas in the young adult is?
A

Body of pancreas 2mm

68
Q
  1. The Tail of Spence is located in?
A

Axillary area

69
Q
  1. What is the main pancreatic duct?
A

Duct of Wursung

70
Q
  1. The quadrate lobe of the liver is a part of?
A

Medial segment of the left lobe

71
Q
  1. A major branch coming off of the common hepatic artery is the?
A

Gastroduodenal artery

72
Q
  1. Indications for a breast ultrasound examination
A
  • Follow up after mammogram
  • Breast lumps
  • Lesions
73
Q
  1. The two segments of the right lobe of the liver are named?
A

Anterior and Posterior

74
Q
  1. The vessel, which courses between the aorta and superior Mesenteric artery, is?
A

Left Renal Vein

75
Q
  1. US appearance of mediastinum testis
A

Mediastinum testis - echogenic line in SAG and ovoid in TRV

76
Q
  1. US appearance of Medullary pyramids
A

Pyramids are triangular in shape in SAG

Pyramids are most hypoechoic area in ABD

77
Q
  1. Pampiniform plexus-
A

Is a venous network posterior to the testicles

78
Q
  1. Know normal size of teticle
A

4 cm SAG
3 cm TRV
2 cm AP

79
Q
  1. Increased incidence of thyroid carcinoma is associated with?
A

Radiation

80
Q
  1. If the prostate is judged to be enlarged, the sonographer should also check?
A
  • Kidneys
  • blood
  • if can patient empty bladder
81
Q
  1. Functions of Cooper’s suspensory ligaments
A

Structural support

82
Q
  1. Hepatocellular disease - know US appearance
A

Poor penetration
echogenicity of liver increased
splenomegaly
ascites

83
Q
  1. Know upper limit of normal for the CBD after cholecystectomy
A

Up to 10mm

84
Q

Echinococcal cyst

A

-AKA - Hydatid Disease
-Cause: parasitic worm
-Cysts are found 50% of the time in liver
-Other Sites: Lung, Bone, Brain
Ultrasound Appearance:
-Simple cyst with or without wall calcification
-Mother cyst with daughter cyst
-Honeycomb cyst
-Water Lily Sign

85
Q

Hepatocellular CA

A 
AKA: HCC, Hepatoma
-Increased Risk (80%) with Cirrhosis
-Increased risk with chronic hepatitis B and C
Laboratory Values: 
-LFTs normal or elevated
-AFP may be elevated
86
Q

Courvoisier GB

A
  • Enlarged GB
  • Painless Jaundice
  • Associated with pancreatic carcinoma
87
Q

Acute cholecystitis

A

-May require emergency surgery (life threatening)
-Usual cause: stone blocking cystic duct
Patient signs and symptoms:
-Acute RUQ pain (may refer to shoulder)
-Fever, Chills, nausea, vomiting
-Leukocytosis
-increased serum bilirubin

88
Q

Hepatitis

A

inflammation of the liver

89
Q

Transitional cell CA

A
  • Originates from transitional cells of urinary tract
  • Occurs in: kidney, pelvis, ureter, bladder
  • More common in males after 60 years
  • causes hematuria
90
Q

Adult polycystic kidneys

A

Autosomal Dominant (Adult) polycystic kidney disease

  • High degree of penetrance
  • Latent until 30’s or 40’s
  • Bilateral enlargement of kidneys with cysts too numerous to count
  • Renal cortex may have increased echogenicity
  • Cyst may be present in liver, pancreas, and spleen
91
Q

Staghorn Calculus

A
  • Type of infective stone
  • Fills entire renal pelvis to proximal ureter
  • Oddly shaped
92
Q

Ureteropelvic junction

A

UPJ

  • Congenital form of obstructive uropathy
  • Causes hydronephrosis
93
Q

*Annular pancreas

A
  • Congenital anomaly
  • More common in males
  • Needs surgery
94
Q

*Fibroadenoma

A
  • Most common benign tumor of breast
  • Common in young
  • wider than tall
95
Q

Varicocele

A
  • Dilated tortuous veins of the pampiniform plexus
  • More common on left
  • May be cause of infertility appears as mass of tubular structures along the posterior aspect of testicle
96
Q

Orchitis

A

Inflammation of the testicle
causative factors:
Epididymitis, Influenza, Mumps, Tonsillitis, STDs, Complex causes, Hydrocele

97
Q

Phyllodes tumor

A
  • Rare
  • solid
  • Palpable
  • tumor
98
Q

Thyroglossal duct

A

*?

99
Q
  1. . Fibrocystic breast disease is most common in women over 50 years of age. True or False?
A

False

DMS (5 decks)

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