ab psych 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is abnormal psychology?
A
- The field concerned with the nature, development, and treatment of mental disorders
- The study of mental illness or mental disorders
- Also called “psychopathology”
2
Q
Psycho means __, and Pathology means ___
A
Psycho means mind
Pathology means pathogen or organism causing disease
3
Q
What is psychological disorder?
A
a psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected.
4
Q
4D criterion for psychological disorder or abnormal behavior
A
dysfunction
distress
deviance
danger
5
Q
Psychological dysfunction
A
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or
behavioral functioning
6
Q
Distress or impairment
A
satisfied if the individual is extremely
upset; suffering
7
Q
Deviance
A
atypical; occurs infrequently; it deviates from the average; the greater the deviation, the more abnormal it is
8
Q
Abnormal Psychology Definition from DSM-5
A
Describes behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with
present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment.
9
Q
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
A
handbook used by health care professionals as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
10
Q
DSM-5-TR
A
TR - text revision.
released in March 2022.
Publisher - American Psychiatric Association
APA’s goal in revising DSM-5 was to thoroughly update the text of the manual to incorporate new research findings that have appeared since DSM-5 was published in 2013.
11
Q
What is in the DSM?
A
prototypes.
Disorders are matched to a “typical” profile of a disorder. This typical profile is
a prototype.
12
Q
In DSM-5, there is an addition of ___.
A
dimensional estimates of the severity of
specific disorders
*Severity is on a continuous scale.
13
Q
Professionals in the field:
A
● Clinical psychologists - usually concentrate on more severe psychological disorders.
● Counseling psychologists
● Psy.D.degrees - focus on clinical training
● Ph.D. - integrate clinical and research training
● Psychiatrists - has an M.D. degree
● Psychiatric social workers - expertise in collecting relevant information and case management; often concentrates on family problems
● Psychiatric nurses - have specialized degrees; specialize in the care and treatment of patients with psychological disorders; part of a treatment team
● Marriage and family therapists and mental health counselors - provide clinical services
14
Q
Many mental health
professionals take a scientific
approach to their clinical
work and therefore are
called ____.
A
Scientist-Practitioner
15
Q
Scientist-Practitioner 3 roles:
A
consumer of science - enhancing the practice
evaluator of science - determining the effectiveness of the practice
creator of science - conducting research that leads to new procedures useful in practice
16
Q
Presenting problem
A
indicates why the person sought professional help
17
Q
Describing the presenting problem starts with the ____.
A
clinical description
18
Q
Clinical Description
A
represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific
disorder.
19
Q
Prevalence
A
how many people in the population as a whole has the disorder
20
Q
Incidence
A
statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period
21
Q
Sex ratio
A
what percentage of males and females have the disorder
22
Q
Typical age of onset
A
often differs from one disorder to another
23
Q
Definition of Course.
Three (3) types of course.
A
Course - most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, or course
●
Chronic course - lasts a long time, sometimes a lifetime
●
Episodic course - the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a
recurrence of the disorder at a later time.
●
Time-limited course - the disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period with little or no risk of recurrence.
24
Q
Differences in (2) onset of disorder
A
● Acute onset - begins suddenly
●
Insidious onset - develop gradually over an extended period
25
Prognosis
Prognosis - the anticipated course of a disorder; includes the expected course the
condition is likely to take
26
Developmental Psychopathology
the study of changes in abnormal behavior
27
Life-span Developmental Psychopathology
a new field; the study of abnormal
behavior across the entire age span
28
Etiology
the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and
includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions
29
Treatment
an important to the study of psychological disorders.
30
THE SUPERNATURAL MODEL/TRADITION
The belief that divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields
or the moon or the stars are the driving forces behind the supernatural model.
31
DEMONS AND WITCHES
Last quarter of the 14th century - there was a strong belief in the existence and power
of demons and witches
Continued into the 15th century
Many turned to magic and sorcery to solve their problems.
Exorcism - various religious rituals were performed in an effort to rid the victim of evil
spirits; the ritual of casting out evil spirits.
evil continued to be blamed for unexplainable behavior
32
STRESS AND MELANCHOLY
A strong belief during this time is that insanity was a natural phenomenon, caused by mental or emotional stress, and that it was curable.
Mental depression and anxiety were recognized as illnesses.
Common treatments - rest, sleep, and a healthy and happy environment; includes
baths, ointments, and various potions.
33
Acedia or sloth
lethargy was seen by the church as a sin
34
___ century - ______ (depression) - believed to be the source of bizarre behavior
14th century - disease of melancholy (depression) - believed to be the source of bizarre behavior
There is conflicting crosscurrents of natural and supernatural explanations for mental disorders.
35
Mass Hysteria
Bizarre behavior at a larger scale
A condition affecting groups of people; often characterized by anxiety or excitement; no clear cause.
A fascinating phenomenon is characterized by large-scale outbreaks of bizarre behavior
Also known as Saint Vitus’s Dance and tarantism
36
Mass hysteria may simply demonstrate the phenomenon of ____. In popular language, this shared response is sometimes referred to as ____.
**emotion contagion** , **mob psychology**
People are also suggestible when they are in states of high emotion.
Victims need not be in contact with each other for the contagion to occur.
37
THE MOON AND THE STARS
Paracelsus - suggested that the movements of the moon and stars had profound effects
on people’s psychological functioning.
Lunatic - derived from the Latin word luna, meaning “moon.”
38
*The Biological Model*
Hippocrates
- the father of modern Western medicine
● Suggested that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
● Considered the brain to be the seat of wisdom, consciousness, intelligence, and
emotion.
● Considered both psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology
39
*The Biological Model*
Galen
●
Extended the ideas of Hippocrates
●
Humoral theory of disorders - Disease resulted from too much or too little of one of the humors
●
Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily
fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.
● Two treatments:
●
Bloodletting or bleeding - measured blood is removed from the body
●
Induce vomiting - used to treat depression
40
Hysteria
● Coined by Hippocrates
● Assumed it was only experienced by women
● Cause: empty uterus wandering around the body
● Cure: marriage or, fumigation of the vagina to lure the uterus back to its natural location
● Stigmatized dramatic women as hysterical
● Contemporary psychology: now known as **somatic symptom disorder** - an extreme
focus on physical symptoms (e.g., pain) that affects functioning and heightens
distress.
41
What two factors led to the reinvigoration of the biological model in the 19th century?
1. The discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis. 2. Strong support from the well-respected American psychiatrist, John P. Grey.
42
*(1) the discovery of the nature and cause of syphilis*
What was general paresis, and what was it later discovered to be?
How did Louis Pasteur's germ theory contribute to understanding syphilis?
What was the effective treatment for syphilis discovered by clinical investigators?
General paresis was a condition designated as a disease in 1825. It was later discovered to be a late-stage manifestation of syphilis.
Pasteur's germ theory facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganism that caused syphilis.
Penicillin.
43
*(2) strong support from the well-respected American psychiatrist John P. Grey*
What was John P. Grey's belief about mentally ill patients?
What improvements resulted from John P. Grey's leadership in mental hospitals?
What problem arose in mental institutions by the end of the 19th century?
What movement addressed the problem of overpopulation in mental institutions?
He believed that mentally ill patients should be treated as physically ill.
Conditions in hospitals greatly improved, becoming more humane and livable institutions.
Overpopulation.
The community mental health movement, which moved towards deinstitutionalization.
44
*The Development Of Biological Treatments
*
What did the renewed interest in the biological origins of psychological disorders lead to?
What did Benjamin Franklin accidentally discover about mild and modest electric shock to the head?
When were the first effective drugs for severe psychotic disorders developed? Give three (3).
led to greatly increased understanding of biological contributions to psychopathology and to the development of new treatments.
It produced a brief convulsion and memory loss (amnesia).
1950s.
1. Rauwolfia serpentine (later renamed reserpine) and neuroleptics (major tranquilizers) - reduce hallucinatory and delusional thought processes.
2. Benzodiazepines (minor tranquilizers) - reduce anxiety.
3. Bromides - sedative
45
consequences of the biological tradition
● Eliminated interest in treating mental patients (The focus shifted heavily towards biological solutions.)
● Emil Kraepelin (1856–1926 )- one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry; lasting contribution was in the area of diagnosis and classification
●
By the end of the 1800s, a scientific approach to psychological disorders and their classification had begun with the search for biological causes
46
*The Psychological Model*
-
Both Plato and Aristotle recognized the influence of social and cultural
influences on psychopathology
- Modern psychosocial treatment approaches to the causation of
psychopathology, which focus not only on psychological factors but also on
social and cultural ones.
47
Moral therapy
● Became influential in the first half of the 19th century
●
Moral refers to emotional or psychological factors rather than to a code of conduct
●
Moral therapy dates back to the time of the Greeks
○
Greek Asclepiad Temples (6th century B.C.) - housed the chronically ill, including
those with psychological disorders; patients were well cared for, massaged, and
provided with soothing music.
●
Moral therapy as a system originated with the well-known French psychiatrist Philippe
Pinel and Jean-Baptiste Pussin
●
Pussin - instituted remarkable reforms by removing all chains used to restrain patients and instituting humane and positive psychological interventions
●
Pussin influenced Pinel to provide a humane and socially facilitative atmosphere that produced “miraculous” results to patients
● William Tuke followed Pinel’s lead in England
●
Benjamin Rush did the same in the U.S.; considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry
● Asylums had appeared in the 16th century, but they were more like prisons than
hospitals.
48
Asylum Reform And The Decline Of Moral Therapy
●
Humane treatment declined in the mid-19th century
●
Factors:
●
1st - moral therapy worked best when the number of patients in an institution was 200 or fewer
● 2nd - **Dorothea Dix** - campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity;
started the mental hygiene movement which made humane treatment became more widely available in U.S. institutions
●
3rd - in the middle of the 19th century, that mental illness was caused by brain pathology and, therefore, was incurable.
The psychological tradition lay dormant for a time, only to reemerge in several different schools of thought in the 20th century.
The first major approach was psychoanalysis and the second was behaviorism.
49
*Psychoanalytic Theory*
Franz Anton Mesmer
-
Modern hypnosis can be traced back to Mesmer
-
regarded as the father of hypnosis, a state in which extremely suggestible subjects sometimes
appear to be in a trance.
50
*Psychoanalytic Theory*
Benjamin Franklin
-
concluded that animal magnetism, or mesmerism, was nothing more than strong suggestion
51
*Psychoanalytic Theory*
Jean-Martin Charcot
-
did much to legitimize the fledgling practice of hypnosis
52
*Psychoanalytic Theory*
Josef Breuer
-
While his patients were in the highly suggestible state of hypnosis, Breuer asked them to describe their problems, conflicts, and fears in as much detail as they could.
- Breuer and Freud had “discovered” the unconscious mind and its apparent influence on
the production of psychological disorders.
- They also discovered that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotional trauma that has
been made unconscious and to release the accompanying tension.
**Catharsis** - release of emotional material
**Insight** - the relationship between current emotions and earlier events
**The case of Anna O.** - Breuer dealt with one symptom at a time through hypnosis and subsequent “talking through”
**Psychoanalytic model** - the most comprehensive theory yet (at that time) constructed on the development and structure of our personalities
53
*THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND
*
Id
source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies; operates according to the pleasure principle; often conflicts with social rules and regulations
○
primary process - this type of thinking is emotional, irrational, illogical, filled with
fantasies, and preoccupied with sex, aggression, selfishness, and envy
54
*THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND
*
Ego
operates according to the reality principle; mediates between the id and superego
○ Secondary process - The cognitive operations or thinking styles of the ego are characterized by logic and reason
55
*THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND
*
Superego
conscience; represent moral principles; counteracts the Id
56
intrapsychic conflicts
- conflicts are all within the mind
57
*DEFENSE MECHANISMS*
unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions associated with conflicts in check so that the ego can continue its coordinating function
Can be adaptive or maladaptive
E.g., displacement
Defense mechanisms may be of potential import in the study of psychopathology; reduction in unadaptive
defense mechanisms, and strengthening of adaptive mechanisms such as humor and sublimation, correlated with psychological health; coping mechanisms
58
*DEFENSE MECHANISMS*
What causes the ego to utilize defense mechanisms?
Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego that produce anxiety that threatens to overwhelm the ego.
59
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
OAPHALAGE
60
LATER DEVELOPMENTS IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT
**Anna Freud** - Ego Psychology; expanded how the defensive reactions of the go influence behavior
**Heinz Kohut** - self-psychology; focused on the formation of self-concept that can either lead towards health or neurosis
**Melanie Klein** - object relations theory
**Carl Jung** - introduced the concept of the collective unconscious
**Alfred Adler** - focused on feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority; he created the term inferiority complex
**Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Erik Erikson**
61
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
Aim:
to make the unconscious conscious; reveal the nature of unconscious mental processes and conflicts through catharsis and insight.
62
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Techniques: (2)
Free association - patients say whatever comes to mind; no censorship
Dream analysis - therapist interprets the content of dreams nature of the conflicts.
63
The relationship between the psychoanalyst, and the patient is important.
- Transference - when a person redirects or projects their feelings about one person to someone
else
- Countertransference - the therapist project their own issues and feelings on the patient
64
Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Current Use:
Seldom used today due to its length (often years), expense, and lack of strong empirical evidence for its effectiveness compared to other therapies.
*Psychodynamic psychotherapy* - more often used today; therapists use an eclectic mixture of tactics, with a social and interpersonal focus.
65
Humanistic Theory
emphasizes the inherent goodness of people and their drive towards self-actualization – the underlying assumption is that all of us could reach our highest potential, in
all areas of functioning, if only we had the freedom to grow.
66
What is Maslow's key contribution to Humanistic Theory?
His hierarchy of needs, suggesting that basic needs must be met before self-actualization can be achieved.
67
What type of therapy did Carl Rogers develop?
client-centered therapy; later renamed person-centered therapy; aims to give the individual a chance to develop during the course of therapy
68
What are the three key conditions in person-centered therapy?
Unconditional positive regard (UPR), empathy, and congruence (genuineness).
69
Humanistic therapists believed that _____
Therapeutic alliance
stressed the _____.
As Maslow noted, the humanistic model found its greatest application among _____.
The application of person-centered therapy to more severe psychological disorders has
_____ substantially over the decades.
Humanistic therapists believed that **relationships, including the therapeutic relationship, were the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth.**
Therapeutic alliance
stressed the **unique, non quantifiable experiences of the individual**
As Maslow noted, the humanistic model found its greatest application among **individuals without psychological disorders**.
The application of person-centered therapy to more severe psychological disorders has **decreased** substantially over the decades
70
The Behavioral Model
Also known as the cognitive-behavioral model or social learning model, brought the systematic development of a more scientific approach to psychological aspects of psychopathology.
Classical conditioning - Pavlov
John B. Watson - considered as the founder of behaviorism; goal of behaviorism is the prediction and control of behavior
Little Albert experiment
71
THE BEGINNINGS OF BEHAVIOR THERAPY
**Joseph Wolfe** - *systematic desensitization* - individuals were gradually introduced to the objects or situations they feared so that their fear could extinguish; one of the first wide-scale applications of the new science of behaviorism to psychopathology.
B.F. Skinner and Operant Conditioning
The behavioral model has greatly contributed to understanding and treating psychopathology
72
The Present
Supernatural explanations are still with us
Each tradition has shortcomings:
1st - scientific methods were often not applied to the theories and treatments within a tradition
2nd - healthy professionals looks at psychological disorders narrowly
Two development in the 1990s:
1 - increasing sophistication in scientific tools and methodology
2 - no influence occurs in isolation
Psychopathology is multiply determined
Early 2000s - growth of cognitive science and neuroscience; emphasis on early experience
