AAMC Test 1 Flashcards
rate of substitution of a secondary alcohol versus a primary alcohol
- the rate of substituted of protonated alcohols is subject to steric hindrance
- eliminates the ability of nucleophiles to collide with the reacting electrophilic center and slows the rate of the reaction.
if something is injected into a gas liquid chromatograph, the first peak observed in the gc trace is attributable to what?
- whichever exhibits the lowest molecular weight and also the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction
- this will migrate the fastest and be the first peak in the gas chromatograph.
In determining ester products, how do you know which loses the -OH group
- pick the one that does not exchange with other groups present prior to reaction
- that will give information about the true identity of the groups
how do enzymes affect chemical reactions?
- the stabilization of the transition state, not the substrate, provides the binding energy that is used to lower the activation energy
is CH3CO2H a strong or a weak acid
- weak
relationship between current, voltage, and resistance?
- V=iR
formula for index of reaction
i of r in a medium = speed of light in vacuum/speed of light in the medium
the energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to
- the number of photons
intensity is defined as
- energy emitted per time
What is T in units
- Tera
- 10^12
energy of a photon
E = hc/λ = hf
what is standard atmospheric pressure
- 1 atm
- 760 mmHg
- 760 torr
- 101 kPa
octahedral compounds have how many bonds
- six sigma bonds
- no lone pairs
- would d2sp3
what is true of individual molecular volume and intermolecular forces in an ideal gas
- they are negligible
what is the wavelength of light absorbed by a molecule dependent on?
- its structure
- the production of a variety of structurally related opsins functions to enable the detection of different colors.
the main chain linkage of glycogen is what kind of bond
- alpha-1,4-glycosidic bond
beta decay occurs when
- neutron is converted into a proton
- electron is emitted so you increase number of protons by 1
branching occurs through what in glycogen
- an alpha-1,6-glycosidic bond
residue linking occurs through what in glycogen?
- an alpha 1-4-glycosidic bond
when determining which acid will dissociate to the least extent, which do you pick?
- the one with the high negative charge.
gamma decay
- emission of photons by the nucleus
SI unit for power
- W = J/s= ft*lb/s = kg m^2/s^3
how do transmembrane proteins into the endomembrane system?
- docking at the rough ER
- facilitated by a signal sequence
what does a nuclear localization signal do?
- permits proteins to enter the nucleus
is activity a kinetic or thermodynamic property?
- kinetic
free energy is what kind of property
- thermodynamic
if something is very hydrophobic, how does it pass through the membrane?
- through simple diffusion
what does an ABC transporter do?
- using ATP to actively transport things out of the cell
if something is localized in cholesterol rich domains, where is it?
- the lipid raft
how can enzymes alter the rate of chemical reactions?
- co-localizing substrates
- altering local pH
- altering substrate shape
enzymes are what
- catalysts
protein levels relate most directly to
- mRNA levels
what is unique about erythrocytes?
- they do not contain DNA
DNA in prokaryrotes?
- circular
- does not have repetitive, non-coding nucleotide sequences (telomeres) that occur in eukaryotic DNA.
effect of glucocorticoids
- act on skeletal muscle to cause the breakdown of muscle proteins
secreted proteins are cleaved into mature form where in the cell?
- within the endomembrane system
what is the main fuel for brain cells?
- glucose
symptoms of diabetes mellitus
- sweet tasting urine
- unexplained weight loss
- feelings of fatigue
DNA replication is
- semiconservative
- keep half of one weight and half of the other
When determining OR in a punnet square?
- x + y - (xy)
what does spreading activation suggests?
- when a concept is activated, the activation spreads to concepts that are semantically or associatively related to it.
classical conditioning is what type of psychology?
- behaviorist
appraisal reflects what?
- cognitive processes
the cornea is in direct contact with what?
- the eyelid
Selye’s general adaptation syndrome
- people’s response to various stressors is similar
cerebellum involved in
- execution of a coordinated motor task
social support
- social network ties that provide an individual with various types of assistance which are associated with improving health or reducing harm.
group dynamics in terms of stability and intimate
- larger groups more stable
- smaller groups more intimate
ethnographic methods
- systematic observation of a complete social environment
