AAC Chapter Three Flashcards
Symbol: something that…
Can be _____, ______, or ______
Meaning is determined by:
stands for or represents something else
aided, unaided, or combined
Motivation Neurological status Developmental age Sensory abilities Cognitive skills Communication/language abilities World experience
Iconicity: any
Can be:
Is ______ bound, ____ bound, and _______ bound
Any association that an individual forms between a symbol and its referent
transparent, translucent, opaque
culture, time, experience
What did the book say about iconicity and how it assists young children in learning what symbols mean?
Page 39
Page 40
Factors effecting children’s ability to identify and understand the meanings of symbols that depict abstract linguistic concepts (words other than nouns)
Concreteness
Familiarity
Context
Wholeness
Color
Focus
What about kids with autism?
See notes
Unaided Symbols
Require no external device for production
Gestures
Natural speech/vocalizations
Manual signs
Everyone Communicates
Gestures:
Four types:
Fine and gross motor body movements, facial expressions, eye behaviors, and postures
- Illustrators
- Affect displays
- Regulators
- Adaptors
Illustrators
Nonverbal behaviors that accompany speech and illustrate what is being said
Examples on page 44
Size of the fish
Sit here
Affect displays
Facial expressions or body movements that display emotional states
More subtle than emblems
May be less intentional
What are they affect displays you are showing tonight?
Emblems:
Yes and No
Regulators:
May ______ or _______ interactions.
May communicate to speaker to…
Nonverbal behaviors that maintain and regulate conversational speaking and listening between two or more people
initiate or terminate
continue, repeat, elaborate, hurry up, etc.
Adaptors:
Three categories:
Learned behaviors that a person generally uses more often when he or she is alone.
Self – your “tells”
Object – manipulation of objects
Alter – thought to be learned early in life in conjunction with interpersonal experiences
Vocalizations and Speech
Communicative in nature
Involuntary – sneezing, hiccupping, coughing…
Voluntary – yawning, laughing, crying…
Considering Manual Sign System
Intelligibility – study of signs vs PCS symbols
Iconicity – higher iconicity = easier to learn
Motoric complexity & other considerations – varies considerably, some sign characteristics learned earlier than others, teach signs with similar concepts at different times (eat and drink)
Couple with speech or AAC techniques – more effective in establishing production and/or comprehension skills that either mode taught singly: Simultaneous or Total Communication
***Choosing to use signs does not reduce an individual’s motivation to speak and may in fact enhance it
Considering Manual Sign System
Intelligibility – study of signs vs PCS symbols
Iconicity – higher iconicity = easier to learn
Motoric complexity & other considerations – varies considerably, some sign characteristics learned earlier than others, teach signs with similar concepts at different times (eat and drink)
Couple with speech or AAC techniques – more effective in establishing production and/or comprehension skills that either mode taught singly: Simultaneous or Total Communication
Choosing to use signs does not reduce an individual’s motivation to speak and may in fact enhance it
Reasons for Using Signs (Page 46)
Language input is simplified and the rate of presentation is slowed when manual signs are combined with speech
Expressive responding is facilitated by reduction in the physical demands and psychological pressure for speech and by the enhancement of the interventionist’s ability to shape gradual approximation sand provide physical guidance
Vocab that is limited yet functional can be taught while maintaining the individual’s attention
Manual signs allow simplified language input while minimizing auditory short-term memory and processing requirements
Stimulus processing is facilitated with the use of the visual mode, which has temporal and referential advantages over the speech mode.
Manual signs have the advantage over speech or symbolic representation because some signs are closer visually to their referents than spoken words are
Types of Manual Sign Systems
3 main types:
- Alternatives to the spoken language of a particular country
- Parallel spoken language (manually coded English)
- Interact with or supplement another means of transmitting a spoken language (fingerspelling)
National Sign Languages – American Sign Language (ASL)
Manually Coded English Sign Systems – Manually Coded English (MCE)
Contact Sign
Signed English (children with autism)
Signing Exact English (more complex)
Aided Symbols
Require some type of external assistance for production
Tangible symbols
Pictorial symbols
Orthography & orthographic symbols
Tangible Symbols
Symbols that can be discriminated based on tangible properties
2- or 3-dimensional
Page 50
Four types
- Real objects
- Miniature objects
- Partial objects
- Artificially associated & textured symbols
Pictorial symbols
_______ most common in North America
photographs
Line drawings
Picture Communication Symbols (PCS)
Widgit
Pictograms
Blissymbols
Other Pictorial Systems
Pictographic Communication Resources
Gus communication
Pics for PECS
Symbolstix
Imagine
Orthography in AAC systems
Single letters, words, syllables, sequences of commonly combined letters, and phrases or sentences
Orthographic Symbols
Braille – tactile symbol system for reading and writing
Fingerspelling (Visual & Tactile) – represent single letters of the alphabet that can be combined to spell words for which there are no conventional signs
Combined Symbol Systems (Aided & Unaided)
Makaton Vocabulary – combines speech, manual signs, and graphic symbols
Evidence supporting use of sign? Page 48
Rate Enhancement Techniques
Word Codes
Message Codes
Word Codes
Alpha (letter) word codes
Alphanumeric word codes
Letter-category word codes
Numeric encoding
Morse code
Message Codes
Alpha (letter) encoding
Alphanumeric encoding
Numeric encoding
Iconic encoding
Color encoding
Research on Learnability of Word Codes
Group words in a logical pattern
Alphanumeric
Alphabetically organized numeric
Letter-category codes
Truncation codes may be easier to remember.
Research on Learnability of Message Codes
Alpha and salient
Concrete messages vs abstract ones
Rate Enhancement Techniques, Continued
Letter, Word, and Message Prediction
Single-letter prediction
Word-level prediction
Phrase- or sentence-level prediction
