AAC Chapter Eight Flashcards
Developmental Disabilities
- Cerebral Palsy
- Intellectual Disability
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Deaf-Blindness
- Childhood Apraxia of Speech
CP Characteristics
- Difficulty with motor skills (varies)
- Spastic CP – Most common; hypertonia; diplegia, hemiplegia, or quadriplegia
- Dyskinetic - involuntary movements, changes in muscle tone
- Dystonic CP – rigid posturing of neck/trunk
- Athetoid CP – abrupt involuntary movements of extremities
- Ataxic CP – either inc or dec muscle tone, wide-based, unsteady gait when walking
- Mixed CP -
CP Characteristics
_____ have artic disorders/ poor intelligibility
- ______ issues restrict access to language
- Speech issues related to ____________ due to muscular weakness
- _________ varies
- Other communication characteristics may be related to…
38%
- Motor
- poor respiratory control
- Dysarthria
- ID, hearing impairment, and/or learned helplessness
3 Issues Regarding AAC
- Use of the team approach
- Need for balanced interventions
- Need to plan ahead for adulthood
- Team Approach
-Number of ______ may be needed.
(Familiar with _____ and _____)
(Familiar with wide range of _______-
Team Members may include (not limited to):
disciplines
(seating and positioning)
(communication options)
OTs PTs SLPs Opthamologists Orthotic specialists Rehabilitation engineers
- Balanced Approach to Intervention
Balance AAC needs with…
1.
2.
3.
Selection of _______ communication systems
natural abilities
- Motor development training
- Speech therapy
- Academic instruction
multimodal
- Plan for Adulthood
____ of adults with CP are typically employed
DRS?
Some options:
1.
2.
3.
29%
- Continue schooling
- Employment
- Volunteering
Intellectual Disability Characteristics
Difficulty _____, ______, _____ and _____ successfully in the community
living, working, recreating, and learning
3 Issues Regarding AAC***
- Opportunity Barriers
- Problem Behaviors
- Diversity of needs within the population
- Opportunity Barriers
- Often live, work, and recreate in _________ environments
- Tx is conducted in ________ settings (generalization difficulties)
- Limited _____ and ________ affect vocabulary selections
segregated
highly structured
environments and communication partners
- Problem Behavior
- Behavior IS _______
- Causes of problem behavior:
-Need behavior supports:
1.
2.
3.
Communication
lack of preferred and functional places to go, people to be with, things to do, and ways to communicate
- Visual schedules
- Contingency maps
- Rule scripts
- Diversity of the Population
Those with significant problems with spoken communication
Some will develop speech/language skills slowly and others may never develop them
Must find the balance between _______ and ______
natural-ability intervention and AAC intervention
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Encompasses a wide range of _________
Focused educational and related intervention from an ______ can make a real difference
social communication impairments
early age
ASD Characteristics
40% of children with an ASD do not develop speech
25%-30% will have some skills and then lose them
Most have a number of verbal and nonverbal impairments of social interaction
Most have receptive and/or expressive language impairments
Most have excellent visuospatial and visual-memory skills
ASD Characteristics
Underlying _______ and ______ processing issues that affect social and communication interventions
____ of individuals with ASD also have an ID
developmental and cognitive
41%
3 Issues Regarding AAC*
- Early intervention
- Need for AAC interventions to be situated in social contexts
- Use of speech-generating devices (SGDs)
- Early intervention
- Start ____!
- Intensive instructional programming AT LEAST up to age ____for a MINIMUM of _____ on a _______ basis
- May be one-on-one or small group
- Goal-directed, EBP, individualized
early!
8
25 hours per week
year round
- AAC Interventions in Social Contexts
- AAC intervention should emphasize the ______aspects of communication
- Teach in the context of _________ related to functional activities in daily life
- Start on their level and build skills in natural ____________
- _______ distribution of skills
=Gear towards the person’s _____ and _____ abilities rather than their object abilities
pragmatic
naturally occurring routines
developmental progression
uneven
social and linguistic
- SGDs
- Used to teach _____ and ____ skills
Pros:
- Combines…
- The availability of_____ speech output
- The ability to program ____ in addition to single words and phrases
communication and literacy
attention getting with the communicative act itself
high quality
whole messages
Deaf-Blindness
- _____ degrees
- Can be _____ or ______
- Big differences in ______, _____ and ______ between individuals in each of those groups
- Much more difficult to understand an individual with a _______ impairment
varying
congenital or acquired
cognition, activities of daily living, and social interactions
congenital
3 Issues Regarding AAC
- Timing of the ________ (congenital vs acquired)
- Important role played by _________
- Need for _____ instruction
dual sensory impairment
intervenors
systematic
- Congenital or Acquired
- Timing and severity affects the development of communication abilities
- Those with acquired impairments may use the following to communicate:
Speech
Speech reading
Tactile fingerspelling
One or two-handed tactile sign language
Adapted national sign language
Electronic aids
- Congenital or Acquired, Cont.
Those with congenital impairments may use the following to communicate:
Some speech (23.9%)
Adapted or manually coded sign
Idiosyncratic signs, gestures, behaviors
Tangible symbols
Communication boards or books w/line drawings
- Role of Intervener
Receive specialized training
Roles:
Facilitate access to environmental information
Facilitate the development and use of receptive and expressive communication skills
Develop and maintain a trusting, interactive relationship that can promote social and emotional well-being
- Need for Systematic Instruction
Most commonly reported instructional procedures included:
Most frequent target skills taught:
- Presenting a discriminative stimulus
- Prompting communicative behavior
- Fading prompts
- Providing differential reinforcement for correct responses
- Choice-making
- Requesting
- Recruiting attention from caregiver
Childhood Apraxia of Speech Characteristics
Deficits in:
Congenital, neurological speech sound disorder
Nonspeech motor behaviors
Motor speech behaviors
Speech sounds and structures
Prosody
Language
Metalinguistic/phonemic awareness
Literacy
Reference the CCCD speaker
2 Issues Regarding AAC
Use of AAC as a secondary strategy
Need for a multitier approach to intervention
- AAC as a Secondary Strategy
- Treatment primarily focuses on improving _______
- Speech may not _____ as a result of AAC use
- Often have significant _________
- Provide one or more AAC ________
natural speech production
improve
language delays
modalities
- Multitier Model
5 Tiers:
- Traditional AAC
- AAC for speech supplementation
- AAC for communication breakdowns
- AAC for literacy and academics
- AAC for practice
Traditional AAC
-Individuals benefit from multimodal AAC intervention:
Interventions include:
- Largely unintelligible
- Use primarily one-word utterances
- Unable to communicate effectively
- Communication books/wallets
- SGDs (should be portable
- Gestures
- Signs
AAC for Supplementation
Individuals who may benefit have/are:
May use AAC:
- Intelligible one-word utterances
- Literate
1. By pointing to first letter of desired word
2. In conjunction with speech
3. For communicating conversation topics
AAC for Communication Breakdowns
- Individuals who may benefit:
- Are able to produce _______ utterances
- May use alphabet or symbol displays:
Rely on speech as their primary mode of communication
multiword
Gestures
Body language
Pantomimes
Pointing to environmental cues
AAC for Academics and Literacy
May need augmented ______ supports
Use symbols with ____ for reading
________words while reading
Provide voice output once _______
May use a device to activate digitized phonemes and then combine them to
writing
text
highlight
“written”
produce words via synthetic speech
AAC for Practice
SGDs or digital devices with speech output are used to…
Must provide good speech model and allow for…
enable individuals to practice natural speech independently
voice recording of child’s responses
