A9//Voting Flashcards
Postal voting ( mail-in voting or absentee voting)
= a method of voting where registered voters can cast their ballots by mail instead of going to a polling station in person.
Voters send a ballot paper, which they can fill out and return by mail.
Can be done remotely.
-> designed to make voting more accessible and convenient for eligible voters.
I-voting (internet voting)
= a method of voting in which individuals can cast their ballots electronically over the internet.
It allows voters to participate in elections and referenda without physically going to a polling station.
Goals = to increase voter turnout, make voting more convenient, and reduce costs.
but -> concerns about the security and integrity.
Challenges of I-voting (explain)
Security concerns
Trust and transparency
Political bias
Demographic biases
Technical challenges
International scrutiny
E-voting, or electronic voting
= a method of voting in which voters use electronic systems, such as computers or mobile devices, to cast their votes.
-> use of secure software and encryption to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the voting process.
E-voting can be done remotely, allowing voters to cast their votes from anywhere with an internet connection.
Goal = to make the voting process more convenient, efficient, and accessible, while maintaining the security and accuracy of the election.
Paper voting
refers to the traditional method of casting votes in elections using paper ballots.
-> voters physically mark their choices on a paper ballot, which is then collected and counted manually.
Paper voting has been used for centuries and is still widely used in many countries around the world.
-> considered to be a secure and reliable method of voting.
Weaknesses of paper voting
The potential for ballot box stuffing
Voter impersonation
The lack of strict vote secrecy.
Human error during the counting process (paper ballots) => leading to disputes and doubts about the accuracy of the results.
Less accessible and more costly for absentee voters, particularly those who live in rural areas or abroad.
‘The feeling of security’
+ex
= based on historical experience rather than rational risk analysis
= people tend to trust something or feel secure in it because it has been reliable in the past, rather than considering the actual risks involved.
EX : people trust paper voting systems based on their historical experience with them, even though paper voting systems have their own vulnerabilities and risks.
Block chain technology in voting
= refers to the use of a decentralized and transparent digital ledger to record and verify votes.
-> Each vote is recorded as a transaction on the blockchain, which is a distributed network of computers that collectively maintain the ledger.
-> ensures that each vote is secure, transparent, and tamper-proof, as it is verified by multiple computers in the network.
This technology has the potential to enhance the security and integrity of the voting process by eliminating the need for centralized authorities and reducing the risk of fraud or manipulation.
Capitalism
= economic system based on private ownership and markets where economic activity aimes to produce profit.
Socialism
= economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and redistribution of income.
Social market economy
a mixed economic system that combines extensive marketisation and private ownership with redistribution and decommidification.
Political economy
= the study of how we decide to produce and distribute scarce resources.
-> political economy starts from the proposition that economic choices are political in nature and have political consequences!
Decommidification (de-commod(ity)-fication)
The withdrawel of the provision of goods and services from market processes.
Ex : Universal healthcare, state education, government housing etc.
Network effects
= phenomenon of a good or service increasing in utility as more people use it (consider Facebook, Instagram, smartphone vs. car, sweater, bread)
Monopoly
= the exclusive control over the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
