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Health (T-level Nursing) > A9- Health & wellbeing > Flashcards

A9- Health & wellbeing Flashcards

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1
Q

What is well-being?

A

A combination of a persons physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. It is strongly linked to happiness and life satisfaction.

(Better health, 2022)

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2
Q

What is a preventative agenda?

A

Tackling potential problems by promoting healthy behaviours and screening for diseases to keep people from becoming sick in the first place.

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3
Q

What is a disease screening?

A

The application of medical procedures or tests to people who currently show no symptoms of a particular disease, for the purpose of determining their likelihood of having or developing the disease. An example of this would be a smear test.

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4
Q

What is sign posting?

A

The act of pointing someone in the right direction by giving them a contact number for an organisation that can help them, this may be regarding transport or mental well-being.

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5
Q

How can you support someone’s well-being?

A

• Allow them time to discuss their feelings.
• Encourage independence.
• Be aware of their barriers.
• Continuity of care.
• Person centred care.

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6
Q

What is the NHS prevention plan?

A

It aims to improve the populations health by reducing illness, as that is the key to reducing health inequalities. They aim to reduce illness through early detection of disease and promoting self management.

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7
Q

What is the secondary NHS prevention plan?

A

It aims to catch the causes of ill health early to prevent and reduce the progression of more serious health issues.

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8
Q

What did the global burden of disease study find?

A

The top 6 risk factors driving morality and morbidity in england are tobacco, high blood sugar levels, high body mass index, dietary risk, high blood pressure and alcohol.
The NHS prevention plan is taking time to support people in taking action against this.

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9
Q

How will the NHS prevention plan impact the service users?

A

• Better health and awareness.
• Early diagnosis.
• Given help to stop smoking.
• Out patient services will be more accessible.
• Support in attending weight management services.
• Use antibiotics sensibly.
• Digital tools to enable more access.
• Promotes self management.

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10
Q

What are the risks of smoking or second hand smoke on someone’s health?

A

• Can cause many types of cancer (lungs, mouth, throat, bladder, cervix, kidney, pancreas and more).
• Damages your heart and therefore has an influence on circulation. Increasing the risk of CHD, heart attacks, erectyl dysfunction and strokes.
• Damages your lungs leading to COPD and pneumonia.
• Can worsen and prolong the symptoms of athsma, common cold and respiratory tract infections.
• Reduces fertility.

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11
Q

How can smoking or second hand smoke affect an unborn baby?

A

• Higher risk if still birth.
• Can be premature.
• Low birth weight (problems getting warm and likely to get infections).
• Risk of sudden infant death syndrome.
• Likely to have athsma.
• May have bronchitis and pneumonia in the first year of being born.

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12
Q

How does the NHS prevention plan aim to help mental health services?

A

It aims to make them more accessible by increasing their funding making it easier to access crisis care, mental health care for mothers pre and post pregnancy.

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13
Q

What is MECC?

A

‘Make Every Contact Count’ is a programme which aids staff working with the public to ask about health and well-being.
Use whatever contact you have with someone to support or educate them about positive behaviours and choices, at an appropriate time.

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14
Q

What is health promotion?

A

Giving people the resources and information they need to improve their health. This may include improving people’s skills and capabilities, changing their social and environmental conditions and systems that may affect their health.

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15
Q

What are some examples of health promotion within the public?

A

• Wear seatbelts
• Smoking areas
• Fun runs
• Soup kitchens
• Online and in person education on health management

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16
Q

What is the healthy child programme?

A

A programme with a goal to increase the number of children ready to learn at 2 and ready for school at 5. This is because pregnancy and childhood experience impact on physical and emotional health as adults.
In order to do this they set out schedules for services to cover the care of children.
Universal health advice development reviews are key features of the healthy child programme.
A child will be monitored at 28 weeks of pregnancy, at 8 weeks old, age 1 and then age 2.

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17
Q

Define ageing.

A

Growing up and advancing in developmental stages.

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18
Q

What is deterioration?

A

Body functions slowing down/stopping .

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19
Q

What are the 3 key facts about the population?

A
  • We have an ageing population. In 2020, the number of people 60 or over out numbered children under 5.
  • People are living longer (60+).
  • People are more susceptible to disease for longer, because they’re living longer.
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20
Q

What happens to your cells as you age?

A

Tissues consist of cells. Some tissues consist of cells that don’t last long, so they have to constantly be replaced (like skin).
As you age, cells are replaced at a slower rate, as fewer cells can divide.

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21
Q

What are the signs of ageing?

A
  • Grey hair
  • Wrinkles
  • Age spots
  • Body is less able to store fluid, so spinal disks shrink and loose their elasticity
  • Can shrink in size
  • It takes longer for signals to travel along nerves, so the brain can’t process information as well. This makes it harder to retain information and react quickly
  • Sensory organs gradually have a decline in function
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22
Q

What are the physical impacts of ageing?

A
  • Hearing loss
  • Cataracts
  • Refractive errors
  • Pain
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Health conditions
  • Diabetes
  • Dementia
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23
Q

What are the mental impacts to ageing?

A
  • Grief
  • Social isolation
  • Loneliness
  • Loss of independence
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
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24
Q

What are the cognitive impacts of ageing?

A
  • Processing speed decreases
  • Decline in attention span
  • Memory loss
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25
Q

What happened to the number of A&E attendees aged 60 or over between 2007 and 2014?

A

They increased by 2 thirds.

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26
Q

Why are older people for likely to get cancer?

A

Over time, the cells in are body’s become damaged, which builds up. This causes cells to grow and multiply more than usual, causing cancer.

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27
Q

How is eyesight affected by age?

A

Cataracts and glaucoma may develop and if untreated it can cause blindness.

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28
Q

How is hearing affected by age?

A

It can deteriorate, losing high pitched and quite sounds and a hearing aid may become necessary.

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29
Q

How is the heart affected by age?

A

It becomes less efficient and blood pressure may increase.

The blood vessels become less elastic which can lead to strokes and heart attacks.

30
Q

How are the lungs affected by age?

A

The lungs become less elastic and the respiratory muscles weaken. They’re less able to do exercise due to to their reduced lung function.

They need to be vaccinated against the flu and pneumonia as they’re more susceptible to it.

31
Q

How is the reproductive system affected by age?

A

Menopause means the end of menstruation. This may cause unpleasant side effects like hot flushes and disturbed sleep.

32
Q

How is the musculoskeletal system affected by age?

A

Shrink in height, bone mass reduces and women in particular can develop osteoporosis. This increases the risk of fractures. The knee and hip joints can cause mobility problems. The muscles become less flexible and balance can be affected.

33
Q

How is the urinary system affected by ageing?

A

The kidneys become less efficient at filtering waste products. They therefore may need to pass urine more frequently.

34
Q

What are the physical signs of deterioration?

A

• Involuntary movements like frowning, blinking, jerking and coughing.
• Increased heart rate to help the circulation of oxygen and immune cells.
• Infections increase respiratory rate.
• A high blood pressure due to dehydration from a fever.
• A fall in oxygen saturation levels may indicate the lungs aren’t functioning efficiently and may be filling with fluid.
• A fever is a sign the body is trying to fight off an infection. High fevers can damage the kidney and liver or cause death.

35
Q

How does the condition of someone’s skin indicate deterioration?

A

The skin is one of the first organs to react to a dangerous condition.

Skin colour:
• Paler than usual: due to limited blood flow, can be a sign of shock or dehydration.
• Blush or purple: oxygen problems.
• Flushed: fever or high blood pressure.

Temperature:
• Looks cool or wet: significant problem.
• Feels hot: fever.

Moisture:
• Wet skin should be noted if it’s dripping or is wet to the touch: If cold and wet it can indicate an infection, hypoglycaemia, shock or a heart attack.
• Very dry skin: dehydration.

36
Q

What are indicators someone is in pain?

A

• Consistently touching a part of their body or rubbing the area.
• Moving slowly to reduce impact of pain.
• Clenching fist.

37
Q

What are verbal indicators of pain?

A

• Them telling you their in pain.
• Crying out or screaming.
• Groans and grunts.

38
Q

What are non verbal indicators of pain?

A

Facial expressions like frowning, looking sad, closing eyes tightly and jaw clenching.

39
Q

What are the behavioural signs of pain?

A

• Low energy levels
• Feeling stressed, anxious and irritable.
• Change in eating and sleeping patterns.

40
Q

What does an iron deficiency cause?

A

Anaemia.

41
Q

What does an iodine deficiency cause?

A

Goitre.

42
Q

What does a calcium deficiency cause?

A

• Osteoporosis
• Tooth decay

43
Q

How can you support someone who has difficulty eating or drinking?

A

• Different types of cutlery, plates, bowels and drinking aids (straws and thick cutlery for those with tremors or poor grips).
• Provide them with sufficient time.
• Monitor intake.
• Communicate over the reason for their struggle.
• Educate family members to help them reinforce help at home.

44
Q

What is classified as difficulty eating?

A

• Arm weakness
• Confusion
• Paralysis
• No sense of smell
• Painful teeth
• Injury
• Difficulty chewing
• Difficulty swallowing
• No sense of taste
• Poor sight

45
Q

What does malnutrition put someone at risk of?

A

Vitamin deficiency’s.

46
Q

What is vitamin A for?

A

• fighting infection
• healthy skin and blood
• strong bones and teeth
• good sight
• growth of new cells

47
Q

What does a vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

• night blindness
• skin problems

48
Q

What are vitamins B1-12 for?

A

• Energy production
• Nervous system
• Blood production
• Healthy hair, skin, eyes, liver and mouth
• Muscle tone

49
Q

What does a vitamin B1-12 deficiency cause?

A

• Nervous system problems
• Muscle weakness
• Skin problems
• Beri-beri
• Anaemia
• Mouth ulcers

50
Q

What is Vitamin C for?

A

• Helps skin heal
• Production of RBC
• Fighting off bacterial infections
• Helping iron to be absorbed
• Help prevent infections

51
Q

What does a vitamin C deficiency cause?

A

• Scurvy
• Wound and cuts being slow to heal

52
Q

What is vitamin D for?

A

• Strong bones and teeth
• regulate heart
• contribute to good health
• protect against muscle weakness
• help calcium be absorbed

53
Q

What does a vitamin D deficiency cause?

A

• Rickets in children
• Weak bones and teeth
• Muscle weakness

54
Q

What is vitamin E for?

A

• Improves circulation
• helps muscles use oxygen
• helps normal blood clotting and healing
• extends life of RBC
• keeps eyes healthy
• prevent heart disease

55
Q

What does a vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Possible weakening of light receptors in the eye and loss of vision over time.

56
Q

What does vitamin K do?

A

• blood clotting
• normal liver function
• helps calcium be absorbed

57
Q

What does a vitamin K deficiency cause?

A

• easy bruising
• excessive bleeding in babies

58
Q

What does the carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke cause?

A

It reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood meaning the heart has to pump harder to supply the body with oxygen. Exercise therefore becomes difficult as the person gets short of breath.

59
Q

What does the nicotine is cigarettes do?

A

It stimulates the body to produce adrenaline, which makes the heart beat faster and raises blood pressure, making the heart work harder.

60
Q

How does smoking affect the blood platelets?

A

It causes blood platelets to stick together making clotting more likely to happen. This can cause heart attacks and strokes.

61
Q

What does alcohol consumption put you at higher risk of?

A

• Cancer
• Strokes
• Heart disease
• Liver disease
• Pancreatitis
• reduced fertility
• Diabetes
• Depression and anxiety

62
Q

What happens in the body when alcohol is drank?

A

It enters the blood stream and gets broken down and distributed throughout the body, affecting the brain and other tissues.

63
Q

How does alcohol damage the heart?

A

The heart muscles are weakened by the toxicity of alcohol and can therefore not pump blood around the body efficiently. The lack of blood flow disrupts the body’s major functions.

64
Q

What are the livers functions?

A

• breaking down drugs, alcohol and other substances.
• produce bile to aid in the digestion of fats.
• storing nutrients like glucose in the form of glycogen and certain vitamins.
• making proteins that are important for blood clotting.

65
Q

How does alcohol damage the liver?

A

Liver tissue can regenerate but continuous damage from constantly breaking down alcohol can lead to a build up of scar tissue.

This is because the liver cells die and don’t have the chance to regrow. Scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue which can impair the livers ability to carry out its functions.

This can cause alcohol related liver disease, but symptoms don’t show till the liver is significantly damaged.

66
Q

What are the 3 stages of alcohol related liver disease?

A

• Alcohol fatty liver disease - when drinking large amounts of alcohol even for a few days results in fatty deposits in the liver.

• Alcoholic hepatitis - when the liver has been abused by drinking large amounts of alcohol over a longer period of time.

• Cirrhosis - when the liver cells have died off and been replaced by extensive scar tissue. This is a sign of long term abuse.

67
Q

How does alcohol damage the pancreas?

A

It causes the pancreas to produce toxic substances leading to pancreatitis. This is a dangerous inflammation of the blood vessels in the pancreas, which prevents proper digestion.

68
Q

How does excessive alcohol intake suppress the immune system?

A

It suppresses the immune system making it take longer for it to recognise and respond to infection.

It therefore takes the body longer to fight off infection, so it has more time to develop and become more dangerous.

Alcohol also impairs the production of B-lymphocytes, which produce antibodies in the blood.

69
Q

How does excessive alcohol intake weaken the bones?

A

Alcohol blocks calcium, preventing the mineral from being absorbed for food. So bones weaken and when they break alcohol can interfere with the healing process.

70
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

As soon as it enters the bloodstream it begins to affect the brain. If the liver is healthy it will filter the alcohol but if they are drinking heavily it is too much for the liver to deal with quickly.

The alcohol affects neurotransmitters in the brain by decreasing their effectiveness.

Cognitive impairments include: difficulty with memory, learning new concepts, concentration and problem solving.

71
Q

What is the impact of ageing on cognitive health?

A

• Memory: forgetfulness, slowness in brain function making it take longer to learn and recall info.
• Difficulty multitasking.
• Take longer to problem solve.

72
Q

What are the causes of age related memory impairments?

A

• The hippocampus in the brain is involved in the formation and retrieval of memories, which deteriorates with age.
• Hormones and proteins that protect and repair brain cells and stimulate neural growth also decline with age.
• Decrease in blood flow to the brain which can impair memory and lead to a change in cognitive skills.

(NOT ALL OLD PEOPLE DEVELOP DEMENTIA)

Health (T-level Nursing) (11 decks)

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