A.4

Question 0

Taxis

Answer 0

Directed response to a stimuli used to measure innate behaviour. If animal directed towards stimulu positive response if not negativr

Question 1

Innate behaviour

Answer 1

Behaviours that are Inherited, controlled by genes

Can be measured with animal responses to environmental stimuli

Question 2

Types of taxis

Answer 2

Chemotaxis: response to chemicals in environment (to explore:vary ph)
Phototaxis: response to light (different wavelengths or intensities)
Gravitaxis: response to gravity (put upside down in container)
Rheotaxis: response to water current
Thigmotaxis: response to touch

Question 3

Invertebrates used to investigate taxis

Answer 3

Planaria: flatworm lives in lakes move by contraction of muscle

Question 4

Receptors

Answer 4

Notify us our pain

Question 5

Pain reflex

Answer 5

Involves a series of nerves that run from your arm to your spinal chord and back to your arm muscle

Question 6

Reflex arc

Answer 6

Composed of a receptor cell, sensory neurone, relay neurone and motor neurone which carry receptor to the effector (muscle)

Question 7

Reflex conditioning

Answer 7

Used to modify a reflex response. If you wave your hand across a face, the waved hand is the unconditional stimulus and eye blink is the unconditioned response. Possible to elicit reflex response with new neutral stimulus (eg: bell before wave), after blink will be when bell rings
Bell is the conditioned stimulus and blink conditioned respo se

Question 8

Pavlovs experiment

Answer 8

Salivation in dogs as reflex to presence of food

Question 9

Learned behaviour

Answer 9

Not genetically programmed, result of experience

Question 10

Imprinting

Answer 10

Rapid learning process young animals develops an attraction and attraction of another moving object

Question 11

Operant learning

Answer 11

Original behaviour performed spontaneously, experimenter wants to change likelihood of the behaviour (operant). Animal brings about a change in environment by performing a pattern of behaviour
–> skinner box 1930s

Question 12

Birdsong

Answer 12

Each bird species have an inherited bird song. However can learn to improve it. They have a vocal chord called syrinx( forces air through membrane, vibrates –> sound) changes song by altering tension in membrane, volume alter flow of air. Uses song to attract mate. Crude song inherited, after hatching tried to copy song of species memorization 100 days= sensitive period. Second phase motor phase= listens to song and tries to match it with adult

Question 13

Processes needed for memory

Answer 13

Encoding, storage, accessing

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

Brain processes info received from senses
Visual (mental images), acoustic (sound), sensation( touch,smell..), semantic (context), elaborative (relating it to old info already stored)

Question 15

Storage

Answer 15

Allows us to maintain knowledge for a certain period of time occurs at level of neurone. Neurone synapse with eachother using molecular signals. Repeated signals better memory. If forgotten –> synapses connection weakened

Question 16

Accessing

Answer 16

Short term memory: holds small amount of info for short period of time

Long term memory: stored over a long period of time, involves a physical change in neural network of brain, circuits of brain altered and strengthened.

Question 17

Recognition and recall (part of accessin g)

Answer 17

Recognition: associated with physical object or smth already experienced comparing presence with memory

Recall: remembering a fact, object not currently present, active reconstruction of memory requires activation of all neurones involved in memory