A.2

Question 0

Hypothalamus

Answer 0

Maintains homeostasis, coordinating the nervous and endocrine systems. It synthesizes hormones stored in the posterior pituitary and releases factors regulating the anterior pituitary.

Question 1

Cerebral hemisphere

Answer 1

Integrating center for higher complex functions like learning, memory, emotion

Question 2

Cerebellum

Answer 2

“Little brain” with 2 hemispheres and a highly Folded surface. It coodinates unconscious functions like movement and balance

Question 3

Medulla oblongata

Answer 3

Controls automatic and homeostatic activities like swallowing, digestion, vomiting, beathing, heart activity

Question 4

Pituitary gland

Answer 4

Two lobes: posterior and anterior which secrete hormones regulating many body functions and are controlled by hypothalamus

Question 5

Swallowing center

Answer 5

In medulla oblongata, coordinates muscles of the mouth to make food go down oesophagus

Question 6

Cardioinhibitory center

Answer 6

Heart rate will slow down, when you first begin to exercise

Question 7

Cardioaccelerater center

Answer 7

Heart rate speeds up for strenuous exercise

Question 8

How do we know about the brain

Answer 8

• Animal experimentation –> causes of behaviour
• fMRI: brain scans revealed effect of addicting drugs
• human injuries: lesions shows differences in two halves
• ct scan:

Question 9

Corpus colossum

Answer 9

Thick band of axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and allow communication made of white matter

Question 10

Lesions

Answer 10

Areas of damage or tissue death

Question 11

Autopsy

Answer 11

Used to find broca’s area

Question 12

The peripheral system

Answer 12

Other parts of the neevous system that has 2 parts: somatic system and autonomic system

Question 13

Central nervous system

Answer 13

Consists of the brain and spinal chord

Question 14

Somatic system

Answer 14

Information received by the senses and messages sent to the skeletal muscles

Question 15

Autonomic system

Answer 15

Controls cardiac muscle of heart, smooth muscle, and glands, consists of 2 systems that are antagonistic

Question 16

Parasympathetic system

Answer 16

Important in returning to normal
Response is to relax
Neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
Inhibitory

Question 17

Sympathetic

Answer 17

Important in an emergency
Response to fight and flight
Neurotransmitter: noradrenaline
Excitatory

Question 18

The pupil reflex

Answer 18

Pupil closes in response to sudden input of light, cranial reflex –> sensory and motor neurons connect to the brain instead of spinal chord
Closes as a result of a parasympathetic response
Atropine drug used to stop acetylcholine

Question 19

Iris

Answer 19

Surrounds the opening over the lens called the pupil and contains 2 smooth muscles to open and close the pupil

Question 20

Circular and radial muscle

Answer 20

Circular muscle contracts and radial muscle relaxes as a result of the pupil consticting

Question 21

The pupil reflex (process)

Answer 21

Optic nerve receives messages from retinaat back of eye, it contain photoreceptors that receive stimulus of light, synapse with bipolar neurone and ganglion cell. Nerve fibres of ganglion cell become optic nerve. The optic nerve connects with the pretectal nucleus if the brainstem

Question 22

Brainstem

Answer 22

Controls heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow to the digestive system

Question 23

Brain death

Answer 23

When there is no movement of extremities (arms legs fall), eye (remain fix, lack of brain to motor reflex –> no rolling of eyes as head turns) cornea relfex( cotton tige on cornea no blinking) pupil reflex (no constriction) gag reflex, respiration. There can still be spinal reflexes

Question 24

Test used for brain death

Answer 24

EEG and CBF

Question 25

Cerebrum

Answer 25

Develops from the front part of the neural tube, largest part of the brain

Question 26

Cerebral cortex

Answer 26

A thin layer of grey matter (unmyelinated neurones) covering the cerebrum contains 75% of body’s neurones

Question 27

Body size and brain size correlation

Answer 27

Human brain larger in proportion to other animals
E: S ratio where E is brain weight, S brain weight
Larger animal is smaller ratio
Eq ratio between actual brain size and predicted brain mass of an animal

Question 28

Differences in cerebral cortex of humans and animals

Answer 28

Human brains have larger surface area, in amouse it is smooth. Human brain folds to fit in skull, more surface area for higher complex behaviours

Question 29

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 29

Associated with reward circuit responds to dopamine, promotes desire –> activated: anticipation of reward, drugs like cocaine increase it
and serotonin inhibits desire (neurotransmitters)

Question 30

Visual cortex

Answer 30

Part of brain that receives information from the cells in the retina, cooperates to produce vision

Question 31

Left and right hemisphere

Answer 31

The left cerebral hemisphere receives sensory inout from sensory receptors on right side of body and right side of visual field in both eyes and vice versa

Question 32

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 32

The main area for receiving sense of touch

Sensory input from right hand sent to left primary sensory somatosensory cortex

Question 33

Motor cortex

Answer 33

Controls voluntary movements right cerebral hemispheres controls left motor cortex vise versa

Question 34

Strokes

Answer 34

Blockade or ruptured blood vessel that interupts oxygen flow. Plasticity allows other brain parts to take control

Question 35

Neurones

Answer 35

High energy need always in a state of high metablic activity. Neurones relair and rebuild like other cells, but chemical signals that communicate between neurones consume half energy used by brain

Question 36

Glucose

Answer 36

fuels metabolism of neurones, constant supply not stored in neurones, used rapidly during mental activity supplied by carbohydrates : fruits vegetables grains dairy
Study on rates –> older glucose runs out quicker to area of learning and memory