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AY24/25 Year 2 > A205 Epidemiology and biostatistics > Flashcards

A205 Epidemiology and biostatistics Flashcards

1
Q

Define epidemiology

A

Study of distribution and determinants of health related states or events

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2
Q

What is the application of epidemiology

A

Control of disease and other health problems

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3
Q

What are some examples of health related events?

A

Diseases
Injuries
Birth defects
Maternal and child health
Occupational health
Environmental health

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4
Q

Define distribution

A

Frequency and pattern of health related events in a population

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5
Q

What is a determinant?

A

Any factor that brings about a change in health condition or other defined characteristics

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6
Q

What is a disease?

A

Physiological or psychological dysfunction

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7
Q

What are the main category of diseases?

A

Communicable
Non-communicable

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8
Q

What are the types of prevention

A

Primary - prevent disease or injuries before they even occur (healthy individuals)
Secondary - detection and treat
Tertiary prevention- manage complication

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9
Q

What are the steps of investigation of a disease outbreak

A
  1. Collect data - pattern of illness related to time and location and link to past outbreak from same germ
  2. Conduct traceback investigation - common points of contaminations
  3. Perform food and environmental testing - compare DNA fingerprints of germs found in sick people to those in food or production environments
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10
Q

What is a frequency, and what is the function

A

Frequency: Number of health events & the relationship of that number to the size of the population

Function: Allow epidemiologist to compare disease occurrence across different population

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11
Q

What is pattern and what is the function

A

Pattern: Occurrence of health-related events by time, place and person

Function: Occurrence affect the distribution

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12
Q

What is public health

A

Refers to all organised measures or prevent disease, promote health and prolong life among the population as a whole

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13
Q

What is quantitative data

A

Expressed in number and graphs and is analysed through statistical methods

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14
Q

What is qualitative data

A

Expressed in words and analysed through interpretations and categorisations

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15
Q

A negatively skewed graph swings to the?

A

Right

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16
Q

A positively skewed graph swings to the?

A

Left

17
Q

What is probability

A

Likelihood or chance that something will happen

18
Q

What is an independent event?

A

The probability of one event that occurs in NO WAY affects the likelihood of the other event occurring

19
Q

What is a dependent event

A

Probability of one event occurring, influences the likelihood of the other event occuring

20
Q

When do I reject null hypothesis?

A

When i have a low significant level / small p-value (typically </= 0.05)

21
Q

When do I fail to reject null hypothesis

A

When I have a high significant level / large p-value ( >0.05)

22
Q

What is the formula for proportion?

A

Number of persons or events with particular characteristics / total number of persons or events of which the number is a subset x 100

23
Q

What is the formula for prevalence

A

Existing cases / total population

24
Q

What is the formula for point prevalence

A

Number of existing cases on a specific date / number of people in the population on this date

25
Q

What is the formula for period prevalence

A

Number of cases that occurred in a given period / number of people in the population during that period

26
Q

What is the formula for incidence rate

A

Number of new cases / person at risk

27
Q

What is the formula for cumulative incidence

A

Number of disease onset / size of population AT RISK over a defined period

28
Q

What is the formula for case fatality

A

Number of fatal cases / total number of cases

29
Q

What is the formula for cumulative mortality

A

Number of fatal cases / number of initial at risk

30
Q

What is the formula for proportional mortality

A

Deaths from a certain disease / total number of deaths

AY24/25 Year 2 (6 decks)

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