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Nebosh Diploma Part A (2018) > A10 Human Factors > Flashcards

A10 Human Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychology, Sociology, Anthropology

A

Psychology = study of the behaviour of individuals

Sociology = study of society and group behaviour

Anthropology = the study of the human race

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2
Q

Main dimensions of personality

A

Extroversion\ Introversion

Neuroticism - high level of anxiety

Conscientiousness - well organised

Agreeableness

Openness

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3
Q

Key theories to human motivation

A

Mayo (Hawthorne experiments

Maslow (Hierarchy of needs)

Vroom (Expectancy theory)

Blanchard

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4
Q

Mayo - Hawthorne experiments

A

Elton mayo was an American psychologist who was allowed to conduct a short study on the work place.

This resulted in the following observations

  • illumination had no direct effect on output
  • working in small harmonious groups had a significant effect on productivity
  • having a chance to air a grievance was beneficial to working relationships

Hawthorne effect - improvement in performance when staff felt they were valued by top management, someone upstairs cares

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5
Q

Maslow (Hierarchy of needs)

A

Abraham Maslow suggested five human needs that need to be met.

1) Self actualisation (want to grow)
2) Esteem (respect, self esteem)
3) Social (family, friends, social acceptance)
4) Safety/ security (job security, health)
5) Biological needs (air, water, shelter ,food)

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6
Q

Vroom (Expectant theory)

A

V H Vroom defined motivation as a process

Expectancy- efforts will lead to desired outcome
Instrumentally- effort will achieve a particular result
Desirability- the person desires the outcome

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7
Q

Blanchard

A

Ken Blanchard said people have a natural desire to grow, develop and do meaningful work. They need the key psychological needs AUTONOMY, RELATEDNESS and COMPETENCE if these are satisfied there will be a highly motivated workforce.

Blanchard identified six motivational outlooks

1) Disinterest
2) External
3) Imposed
4) Aligned
5) integrated
6) inherent

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8
Q

Human sensory receptors

A
  • Sight
  • Hearing
  • Touch
  • Smell
  • Taste

Others are sense of heat and acceleration

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9
Q

Perception

A

The recognition and interpretation of sensory stimulation based on memory

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10
Q

Perceptual set

A

Perceptual set is our tendency to interpret things in certain ways based on previous experiences. We see a problem and think we see the answer.

ie a train driver going by the same green light daily for several years will not necessarily see it when it’s red as he will expect to see a green light.

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11
Q

Perceptual distortion

A

Perception becomes distorted where things to our advantage seem more right than those not to our advantage, or where our perception of a hazard is wrong.

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12
Q

Human Failure Errors

A

Skill based

  • Slip of action (performing an action too soon)
  • Lapses in memory (forgetting an action)

Mistakes

  • Rule based mistakes (no routine is known, so don’t know what to do if something fails)
  • Knowledge based mistakes (something is incorrectly considered believing it to be right)
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13
Q

Violations (Deliberate and intentional)

A

Routine - routine violation that has become the normal way of doing things (awkward, painful work posture).

Situational - broken rules due to pressures ( insufficient staff for task, time pressures)

Exceptional - occur when something has gone wrong and staff believe they have to break a rule to solve a problem

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14
Q

Rasmussen’s model - levels of behaviour

A

Skill based - describes a situation where a person is carrying out a tried and tested operation in automatic mode. Errors occur where there is variation to the normal system.

Rule based - describes a situation where the operator has available a wide selection of well tried and tested routines. Errors occur where the wrong rule is applied or remembered incorrectly.

Knowledge based - where a person has to cope with unknown situations, there are no rules or skills. trial and error is the only course of action.

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15
Q

Methods of employee motivation

A
  • financial incentives
  • job growth or promotion
  • management feed back via appraisals etc
  • general job satisfaction from a job well done
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16
Q

Job factors that could cause human error

A
  • Equipment design - ease of use, ergonomic
  • Task complexity
  • Work load
  • Procedures and information - clarity/ ease of understanding
  • Disturbances and interruptions
  • Working conditions - noise, temperature
17
Q

Possible effects of shift work on an individual

A 
Fatigue and stress
Sleep loss and sleep debt
Health problems 
Social and family life
Natural circadian rhythm
18
Q

Ergonomics - fitting the task to the man

A

Designing the machine around the operators

Poor design could cause and unsafe practices may result in injury, ill heath due to

  • Equipment not suited to body size
  • Operator not able to readily see or hear all they need to
  • Lack of understanding of the information that is being presented
  • Equipment causing discomfort if used for long durations
19
Q

Ergonomic design features that should be thought about in design of a crane

A
  • Controls are in easy reach, sensitive and move in straight lines to allow delicacy of control
  • Seat is fully adjustable, to allow a good view of operations
  • Cab is protected from dust, weather and fumes etc
  • Dials and displays in a prominent position but not obscuring view.
20
Q

Principles of behaviour change programs

A
  • Observations
  • Feedback
  • Goal setting
  • Team working
21
Q

Steps of a behavioural change program

A

Step 1 - identify behaviour that needs changing
Step 2 - Measure the level of desired behaviour by observations
Step 3 - identify cues or triggers that cause the behaviour or consequences (good and bad)
Step 4 - train workers to observe and record critical safety behaviour
Step 5 - Praise and reward safe behaviour and challenge poor or un safe behaviour
Step 6 - feedback behaviour levels to the workforce

22
Q

Desirable features for equipment controls

A
  • Kept to a minimum
  • Protected against inadvertent activation
  • Emergency stops overriding all run functions
  • Located within easy, usable reach
  • of ergonomic design
  • of a suitable size and easily visible
  • Well marked/ labelled
  • Suitably robust
  • Sensitivity to suit application
23
Q

Desired features for equipment displays

A
  • Clearly visible
  • Protected against glare or reflection
  • Suitable for the environment they are in
  • More Safety/ high importance displays should be in more direct line of sight
  • Only requisite informational be displayed
  • Appropriate to the sense
  • Simple and not confusing
24
Q

Define the term violation

A

A violation is the deliberate and intentional deviation from the rules, procedures, instructions or regulations.

Nebosh Diploma Part A (2018) (11 decks)

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