Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GIT144 > A1 content > Flashcards

A1 content Flashcards

1
Q

Define Spatial thinking

A

ability to use pace as a framework

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define spatial intelligence

A

the balance between spatial visualisation and spatial reasoning skills

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the map elements?

A

Date
Orientation
grid
title
author
index
legend
source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a general reference map?

A

map that shows the location and summarises the landscape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

Map that the government makes with strict specifications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a thematic map?

A

Map that shows spatial distribution, often need specialised knowledge to interpret

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a map?

A

symbolic representation emphasising the relationships between elements. Represents real-features at a reduced scale and is effective for communication.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is generalization?

A

Including or excluding elements of a map, when reducing the scale of a map

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are common features of maps?

A

Symbol, Sclae and grid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What did technology do to maps?

A

It changed the way we make and the types of maps available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is cartography?

A

Science and art of map-making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is geo-visualisation?

A

Introduced in the 1950’s, the transition of maps from communicating to exploratory knowledge construction, includes pattern relations, trends and critical point recognition and it enables the perceptual processing of data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does critical GIS consist of?

A

critical points
Social construction of space
power and knowledge
representation and visualisation
participatory GIS
Ethics and social justice
Inter-disciplinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a population?

A

Total set of things to be studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a sample?

A

A portion of a population that is actually studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is infernal data?

A

Comparing and predicting, and attempting to conclude data, making inference about the data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Showing and summarising data that is under study, presenting data in a meaningful way, explaining the known data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Raw tables

A

scientific information, with no overview of the data set.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can we measure the central tendency?

A

Use mode, median, mean to indicate the value that is most likely centered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Can the median be affected by outliers?

A

no, only the mean is affected by outliers and skewedness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What graphs can we used to interpret raw data?

A

Scatterplot
hexgon bin plot
3D scatterplot
Scatterplot matric
Parallel co-ordinate plot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How many attributes can a parallel co-ordinate plot display?

A

can display more than 3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe the correlation of a parallel co-ordinate plot

A

when r=1 lines are parallel, when r=-1 lines intersect at a mid point, when r=0 lines intersect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is r the correlation coeffiecient show?

A

it shows linear relationships the closer r is to 1 the more linear.
when r is + the graph is positive, when r is - graph is negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the complications of r ?

A

it doenst show outliers and it has non-parametric tests.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the regression line formula?

A

y=a+bx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

is m and r proportional to eachother?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is multiple regression

A

dependant attribute and multiple independent attributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some considerations of m and r?

A
  1. high correlations do not imply a casual relationship
  2. the magnitude of r can be affected by the level at which data has been aggregated
  3. like values tend to group together
  4. regression techniques can be applied globally and locally
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What Does MAUP stand for?

A

Measurable areal unit problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a centroid? and what do they represent?

A

A centroid is a polygon center used as a default position for labeling. Can be used to represent a polygon (analytical) or can be used for interpolation polygons to create a continuously varying grid (raster projections).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What indexes are used for GIT?

A

CI - compactation index
the ratio of the area of a shape to the area of a circumscribing circle. range from 0-1 where 0 is least compacted and 1 is most compacted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is redistricting?

A

the combining of districts that are voting precincts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is gerrymandering?

A

districts structured for partism benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is spatial auto-correlaion?

A

the tendency for things to occureclose to each other in geographic space and can be measured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What map complexity?

A

The degree to which the combination of map elements results in a pattern that appears to be intricate or involved.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the advantages of equal interval classification

A

easy to implement and interpret
there is no gaps in the data
has a simplified legend of class breaks
is sensitive to outliers

38
Q

What are the disadvantages of equal intervals?

A

Doesn’t consider distribution
can lead to classes with no observations

39
Q

What are the advantages of quantile classification?

A

Easy to implement
percentage of observations in each class is equal
works for ordinal data

40
Q

What are the disadvantages of quantiles?

A

There are no empty classes
it doesn’t consider the distribution
it is not sensitive to outliers
has gaps
has ties which complicates it a bit

41
Q

What are the advantages of mean standard deviations?

A

if data is normally distributed the mean serves as a useful dividing point

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of standard mean deviations?

A

Only works if the data is normally distributed
needs basic statistics understanding
more complex

43
Q

What are the advantages of maximum breaks?

A

Easy to implement

44
Q

What are the disadvantages of maximum breaks?

A

Only considers large breaks

45
Q

What are the advantages of natural breaks?

A

Very flexible
Accurate

46
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural breaks?

A

It is subjective

47
Q

What are the advantages of optimal classification?

A

Best classification
can determine the appropriate number of classes

48
Q

What are the disadvantages of optimal?

A

Requires brute force to get values which is computing intensive
Gaps in the legend

49
Q

What are the spatial dimensions?

A

Point
Line
Polygon
Volumetric
3D

50
Q

Small Scale maps

A

is of a large area, which has been generalised, city is a point there are no buildings visible

51
Q

Large scale maps

A

Small areas, is very detailed, a building is an area symbol

52
Q

What is discrete phenomen?

A

phenomena with abrupt changes and gaps

53
Q

What is continuous phenomena?

A

phenomena with smooth transitoins and no gaps

54
Q

what are the levels of measurement?

A

constrained ratio - constrained to a tange
cyclical - cyclic data ratio scale
counts - integers with no fractions
fuzzy - categories

55
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Lightness
Color hue
perspective height
size
spacing
saturation

56
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Color hue
Shape
Arrangement
Orientation

57
Q

Different types of maps

A

Choropleth
Isopleth
Dot maps
Proportional symbol maps

58
Q

What is geographic scale?

A

Small scale is a small area
Large scale is a large area

59
Q

What is cartographic scale?

A

Small scale is of a large area
Large scale is of a small area
1:50 000cm

60
Q

give a definition for generalisation

A

the process of reducing information of maps due to a change in the map scale

61
Q

Name 4 different tpyes of generalisation

A

Wrights 2 major components
Riazs 3 major components
Robinon et al
MacMasters and Sheas model of generalisation

62
Q

Give examples of ways to generalise

A

Simplify
Smoothing
Aggregatino
Amalgamation
Refinig
Collapsing
Enhancing
Exageraing
Merging
Displacing

63
Q

What are the different types of map projections?

A

Mercator
Robinsons
Goode homolosine
Mollweide
Mollweide oblique
plate caree

64
Q

What are the classes of map projection?

A

PLanar
Cylindrical
Conical

65
Q

What are the cases of map projections?

A

Tangent
Secant

66
Q

What is another name for a tangent point and secant line?

A

Standard point and line

67
Q

Where do lines of latitude run from?

A

Parallel with the equator. S

68
Q

Where do lines of longitude run?

A

through the north and south pole E

69
Q

what is DD?

A

Decimal degrees

70
Q

How do we calculate SF?

A

local scale divided by principal scale

71
Q

Tiscot’s Indicatrix circle

A

r=1
a=b=1
when a=b there is no distortion
when a=/b but a=1 then there is angular distortion
when a=b but a=/ 1 then aerial distortion takes place
when a=/b and a=/1 angular and aerial distortion occurs

72
Q

What does UTM stand for?

A

Universal transverse mercator projection

73
Q

List snyder’s heirarchy

A
  1. Region of world
  2. Projection property
  3. projection case
74
Q

List snyder’s geographical areas

A
  1. World
  2. hemispher
  3. continent
75
Q

How can we measure the earth’s surface if it is not smooth?

A

Turn it into a geoid by cutting off the “tallest” parts
then match the area of the geoid to an ellipsoid.

76
Q

What is south africa”s geoidic datum?

A

Hartebeeshoek94 datum and Land Leveling datum

77
Q

What kind of equivalent projections are there?

A

noninterrupted
interrupted
oblique aspect

78
Q

why is spatial intellegence inportant?

A

essential for problem solving and orientating yourself in a new area
can examine problems from a spatial perspective

79
Q

key characteristics of a map?

A

2D representation of a 3D object
uses maths to represent the earth onto 2D surface
has a reference system which allows the location of a feature to be described.

80
Q

Give examples of thematic maps

A

Navigation charts
Cadastral maps and charts
Series maps
Web maps
Mental maps

81
Q

Give an examples of geographic location questions

A

Where is it? Why is it here to there? HOw much is here or there?

82
Q

Give examples of geographic distribution questions

A

Is it distributed locally or gloablly? Is it spatially clustred or dispersed?
Where are the boundaries?

83
Q

Give examples of geographic association questions

A

What else is near it?
What else occurs in it?
What is absent in its presence?

84
Q

Give examples of geographic interaction questions

A

is it linked to something else?
wha is the nature o this association?
how much interaction occurs between the locations?

85
Q

Give examples of geagraphic change questions

A

Has it always been here?
How has it changed over time and space?
What causes its diffusion or contraction?

86
Q

Why do we ask geographic questions?

A

fill in the gaps in our mental maps and in our geographic knowledge

87
Q

What is the use of general-purpose maps?

A

shows inportant physical features in an area
summarise landscape to aid in discovery of locations
usually easy to read and understand

88
Q

What is perception?

A

our initial reaction to map symbols

89
Q

What is cognition?

A

perception plus our thoughts processes, prior experiences and memory.

90
Q

Different types of memory

A

perception
short term visual store
long term visual memory

GIT144 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions