a1 1.2

Question 1

A2.1 Explain the relationship between cellular metabolism and the production
of heat in the human body

Answer 1

Light comes from the sun
This light is then transsffered to a plant where photosynthesis takes place
This energy is then converted into chemical energy
then humans either eat the plant or eat an animal that has consumed the plant
then this energy is transsfered for ATP respiration
ATP is used to move muscels
Heat is then produced as a by product of respiration
the more cellular respiration= to more sweat
More excercise leads to more ATP hydrolosys then more sweat
This energy can be in the form of glucose, fats, protien

Question 2

A2.2 State the normal physiological range for core body temperature

Answer 2

37C ( 0.6) is the core body temperature
* Internal core organs tend to maintain this temperature however, muscles, skin and blood flow can
change temperature.

Question 3

Outline how the body thermoregulates in hot and cold environments

Question 4

Hot:

Answer 4

Vasolidation: Increase red blood cells to release heat

Question 5

Outline how the body thermoregulates in hot temperature

Answer 5

Condunction: Imdeiate contact
Convention:removing heat by the motion of gas/liquid passing above skin
Radiation:Heat loss through the electromagneticwaves
Evaporation:heat loss through the transition of water/sweat to vapor

Question 6

Cold

Answer 6

Perpheral vasoconstriction: reduced blood supply to retain heat
Shivering: muscle contractions to produce heat
piloereaction: hair standing on end creating a protective layer to trap heat

Question 7

Vasolidation: Increase red blood cells to release heat

Question 8

High wind conditions:

Answer 8

• If air movement is low, evaporation rates are low and body cooling is low.
• Wind increases the speed of evaporation as it carries sweat particles away.
• Wind also increases heat loss through convection.

Question 9

Humidity

Answer 9

• High humidity limits sweat evaporation
• High humidity decreases capacity to accept more water molecules
• Sweat must evaporate to provide cooling

Question 10

Describe the formation of sweat and the sweat response

Question 11

whats sweat

Answer 11

Definition: Sweat is a fliud and it is made of water, ammonia, urea, salts and sugar.

Question 12

Locations where sweat is formed

Answer 12

Locations where sweat is formed:
* Secreted from sweat glands
* Eccrine glands and apocrine glands
* Within the skin

Question 13

Steps

Answer 13

The hypothalmus detects an increase within the bodies temperature
causing the sweat glands to become more active which triggers the sweat glands to release sweat from the pores
once on the skin sweat evaporates

Question 14

how much sweat is produced

Answer 14

the larger the person is the more they sweat since they have more pores and sweat glands

Question 15

eniviroment conditions hot weather

Answer 15

sweat is more common in hot enviroment as the body wants to maintain the best temperature through homeostatis

Question 16

humid weather

Answer 16

more consistent in humid weather bc evaporation rates r lower

Question 17

Discuss the physiological responses that occur during prolonged exercise
in the heat

Answer 17

increased glycogen break down in the muscle
higher levels of muscle and blood lactate in comparison to the same excercise done in an cooler enviroment

Question 18

7 Discuss the health risks associated with exercising in the heat

Question 19

definition of heat cramp

Answer 19

muscle wtitch caused by heavy sweating

Question 20

Where does it happen?

Answer 20

• Occur in abdominal muscles and large muscles of arms and legs
• Doesn’t result in permanent damage
• Observed more in unfamiliar individuals

Question 21

treatment n symptoms:

Answer 21

Symptoms- Excessive sweat, pain throughout the limbs,
Treatment- Lower the victim’s body temperature

Question 22

heat exhuastion meaning:

Answer 22

Heat Exhaustion: Extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature

Question 23

symptoms/ treatment

Answer 23

Symptoms: muscle cramps, pale moist skin, high fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache,
Treatment: Alert emergency services, have the victim lie down in a cool place

Question 24

heat stroke definition

Answer 24

Heat Stroke: life threatening overheating of the body.

Question 25

symptoms/treatment

Answer 25

Symptoms: High body temperature, rapid pulse/respiration rate, hot and dry skin, victim feels weak/dizzy, has a
headache. The victim may be unconscious.
Treatment: Alert emergency services, have the victim rest in a cool place, remove heavy clothing, wrap the
victim in cool/wet towels or sheets

Question 26

Outline what steps should be taken to prevent and to subsequently treat
heat related disorders

Answer 26

Perform in cooler parts of the day to reduce solar radiation/ coverage of area of skin to protect from the
sun
* Use ice vests/ cooling aids before to delay heat accumulation
* Ensure appropriate hydration before/during/after exercise
* Ensure appropriate consumption of salts/electrolytes to maintain muscle function
* Increase intake of fluids and electrolytes
* Wear appropriate fabrics to draw moisture away from skin
* Wear light colored clothes to reduce heat absorption
* Acclimization 14 days prior to event
* Apply ice if the individual collapses or you can place them in an ice bath

Question 27

Describe how an athlete should acclimatize to heat stress

Question 28

what is acclimitization:

Answer 28

Acclimatization: The human body’s adaptation to heat stress

Question 29

how an athlete should acclimitize to heat stress

Answer 29

Performing training sessions in similar environmental conditions
The intensity of training should be progressively increased
Acclimatization could be done in a heat chamber

Question 30

Discuss the physiological and metabolic adaptations that occur with heat
acclimatization

Answer 30

Increased sweat response
Increased temperature gradient
* Increased skin blood flow

Question 31

Outline the principl means by which the body maintains core
temperature in cold conditions

Answer 31

When doing sport or exercise in a cold environment the core body temperature is reduced.
In order to keep core body temperature between 36-38 degrees Celsius the body does the following

Question 32

Outline the principl means by which the body maintains core
temperature in cold conditions

Answer 32

Shivering – repeated and rhythmic muscle contractions using energy from metabolism to generate heat.
Vasoconstriction – the blood vessels near the surface get smaller which reduces heat loss via
convection
* Blood flow is reduced
Non-Shivering thermogenisis:
heat production by brown adipodr tissue

Question 33

2 Explain why the body surface area to body mass is important for heat
preservation

Question 34

what is hypothermia

Answer 34

Hypothermia = dangerious low core body temperature.

Question 35

Explain why the body surface area to body mass is important for heat
preservation

Answer 35

As the amount of fat increases, the amount of heat loss decreases
A larger body surface are to body mass ratio makes heat loss easier
3. Children have a larger body surface are to body mass ratio which makes them more at risk to
hypothermia
Taller, heavier adults have a lower body surface area to body mass ratio compared to children
5. Females generally have more fat than males

Question 36

Outline the importance of wind chill in relation to body heat loss

Answer 36

Heat loss is not only affected by the temperature but the amount of wind. A greater amount of wind will
increase heat loss via convection and conduction.
Windproof clothing can reduce the effects of wind chill

Question 37

Explain why swimming in cold water represents a particular challenge
to the bodys ability to thermoregulate

Answer 37

Swimming in cold water results in –
* Significant drop in skin temperature
* Significant redistribution of blood to the core
* Peripheral vasoconstriction
* Reduced muscle blood flow
* Sudden immersion can result in a muscle reflex action
* Conduction and convection occur at a much greater rate through water than through air

Question 38

Discuss the physiological responses to exercise in the cold

Answer 38

Peripheral vasoconstriction
* Decreased blood flow
* Shivering
* Non-shivering thermogenesis
* Redistribution of blood to the core

Question 39

Describe the health risks of exercising in the cold , including cold water

Answer 39

Hypothermia – low core body temperature
* Frostnip – initial freezing of the skin tissue
* Frostbite – continued cooling and freezing of cells. This can lead to destruction of cells with the area
becoming insensitive to touch.

Question 40

Discuss the precautions that should be taken when exercising in the cold

Answer 40

The main precaution is clothing which has an insulating effect and reduces the amount of heat loss via
evaporation.
The insulating effect of clothing is measured by a unit called clo
1 clo = 0.155 m2 KW-1