a1 1.2 Flashcards
A2.1 Explain the relationship between cellular metabolism and the production
of heat in the human body
Light comes from the sun
This light is then transsffered to a plant where photosynthesis takes place
This energy is then converted into chemical energy
then humans either eat the plant or eat an animal that has consumed the plant
then this energy is transsfered for ATP respiration
ATP is used to move muscels
Heat is then produced as a by product of respiration
the more cellular respiration= to more sweat
More excercise leads to more ATP hydrolosys then more sweat
This energy can be in the form of glucose, fats, protien
A2.2 State the normal physiological range for core body temperature
37C ( 0.6) is the core body temperature
* Internal core organs tend to maintain this temperature however, muscles, skin and blood flow can
change temperature.
Outline how the body thermoregulates in hot and cold environments
Hot:
Vasolidation: Increase red blood cells to release heat
Outline how the body thermoregulates in hot temperature
Condunction: Imdeiate contact
Convention:removing heat by the motion of gas/liquid passing above skin
Radiation:Heat loss through the electromagneticwaves
Evaporation:heat loss through the transition of water/sweat to vapor
Cold
Perpheral vasoconstriction: reduced blood supply to retain heat
Shivering: muscle contractions to produce heat
piloereaction: hair standing on end creating a protective layer to trap heat
Vasolidation: Increase red blood cells to release heat
High wind conditions:
- If air movement is low, evaporation rates are low and body cooling is low.
- Wind increases the speed of evaporation as it carries sweat particles away.
- Wind also increases heat loss through convection.
Humidity
- High humidity limits sweat evaporation
- High humidity decreases capacity to accept more water molecules
- Sweat must evaporate to provide cooling
Describe the formation of sweat and the sweat response
whats sweat
Definition: Sweat is a fliud and it is made of water, ammonia, urea, salts and sugar.
Locations where sweat is formed
Locations where sweat is formed:
* Secreted from sweat glands
* Eccrine glands and apocrine glands
* Within the skin
Steps
The hypothalmus detects an increase within the bodies temperature
causing the sweat glands to become more active which triggers the sweat glands to release sweat from the pores
once on the skin sweat evaporates
how much sweat is produced
the larger the person is the more they sweat since they have more pores and sweat glands
eniviroment conditions hot weather
sweat is more common in hot enviroment as the body wants to maintain the best temperature through homeostatis
humid weather
more consistent in humid weather bc evaporation rates r lower
Discuss the physiological responses that occur during prolonged exercise
in the heat
increased glycogen break down in the muscle
higher levels of muscle and blood lactate in comparison to the same excercise done in an cooler enviroment
7 Discuss the health risks associated with exercising in the heat
definition of heat cramp
muscle wtitch caused by heavy sweating
Where does it happen?
- Occur in abdominal muscles and large muscles of arms and legs
- Doesn’t result in permanent damage
- Observed more in unfamiliar individuals
treatment n symptoms:
Symptoms- Excessive sweat, pain throughout the limbs,
Treatment- Lower the victim’s body temperature
heat exhuastion meaning:
Heat Exhaustion: Extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature
symptoms/ treatment
Symptoms: muscle cramps, pale moist skin, high fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache,
Treatment: Alert emergency services, have the victim lie down in a cool place
heat stroke definition
Heat Stroke: life threatening overheating of the body.
symptoms/treatment
Symptoms: High body temperature, rapid pulse/respiration rate, hot and dry skin, victim feels weak/dizzy, has a
headache. The victim may be unconscious.
Treatment: Alert emergency services, have the victim rest in a cool place, remove heavy clothing, wrap the
victim in cool/wet towels or sheets
Outline what steps should be taken to prevent and to subsequently treat
heat related disorders
Perform in cooler parts of the day to reduce solar radiation/ coverage of area of skin to protect from the
sun
* Use ice vests/ cooling aids before to delay heat accumulation
* Ensure appropriate hydration before/during/after exercise
* Ensure appropriate consumption of salts/electrolytes to maintain muscle function
* Increase intake of fluids and electrolytes
* Wear appropriate fabrics to draw moisture away from skin
* Wear light colored clothes to reduce heat absorption
* Acclimization 14 days prior to event
* Apply ice if the individual collapses or you can place them in an ice bath
Describe how an athlete should acclimatize to heat stress
what is acclimitization:
Acclimatization: The human body’s adaptation to heat stress
how an athlete should acclimitize to heat stress
Performing training sessions in similar environmental conditions
The intensity of training should be progressively increased
Acclimatization could be done in a heat chamber
Discuss the physiological and metabolic adaptations that occur with heat
acclimatization
Increased sweat response
Increased temperature gradient
* Increased skin blood flow
Outline the principl means by which the body maintains core
temperature in cold conditions
When doing sport or exercise in a cold environment the core body temperature is reduced.
In order to keep core body temperature between 36-38 degrees Celsius the body does the following
Outline the principl means by which the body maintains core
temperature in cold conditions
Shivering – repeated and rhythmic muscle contractions using energy from metabolism to generate heat.
Vasoconstriction – the blood vessels near the surface get smaller which reduces heat loss via
convection
* Blood flow is reduced
Non-Shivering thermogenisis:
heat production by brown adipodr tissue
2 Explain why the body surface area to body mass is important for heat
preservation
what is hypothermia
Hypothermia = dangerious low core body temperature.
Explain why the body surface area to body mass is important for heat
preservation
As the amount of fat increases, the amount of heat loss decreases
A larger body surface are to body mass ratio makes heat loss easier
3. Children have a larger body surface are to body mass ratio which makes them more at risk to
hypothermia
Taller, heavier adults have a lower body surface area to body mass ratio compared to children
5. Females generally have more fat than males
Outline the importance of wind chill in relation to body heat loss
Heat loss is not only affected by the temperature but the amount of wind. A greater amount of wind will
increase heat loss via convection and conduction.
Windproof clothing can reduce the effects of wind chill
Explain why swimming in cold water represents a particular challenge
to the bodys ability to thermoregulate
Swimming in cold water results in –
* Significant drop in skin temperature
* Significant redistribution of blood to the core
* Peripheral vasoconstriction
* Reduced muscle blood flow
* Sudden immersion can result in a muscle reflex action
* Conduction and convection occur at a much greater rate through water than through air
Discuss the physiological responses to exercise in the cold
Peripheral vasoconstriction
* Decreased blood flow
* Shivering
* Non-shivering thermogenesis
* Redistribution of blood to the core
Describe the health risks of exercising in the cold , including cold water
Hypothermia – low core body temperature
* Frostnip – initial freezing of the skin tissue
* Frostbite – continued cooling and freezing of cells. This can lead to destruction of cells with the area
becoming insensitive to touch.
Discuss the precautions that should be taken when exercising in the cold
The main precaution is clothing which has an insulating effect and reduces the amount of heat loss via
evaporation.
The insulating effect of clothing is measured by a unit called clo
1 clo = 0.155 m2 KW-1
