A. types of available treatments

Question 1

______is a systemic treatment, meaning it is used to treat the Whole body

Answer 1

Chemotherapy

Question 2

Chemotherapy drugs are ____and can kill the primary tumor cell and other tumor cells that have spread through the body

Answer 2

cytotoxic - “toxic to living cells”

Question 3

Chemo Can be given

Answer 3

orally, intravenously, intra-arterially, intraperitoneally, intrathecally - needs doctor to do it , or topically

Question 4

____is a radiosensitizer and increases the effect of radiation

Answer 4

Doxorubicin

Question 5

____is a radioprotector and decreases the effect of radiation on healthy cells

Answer 5

Amifostine

Question 6

____ stops cell division by damaging DNA. The cell cycle is not specific, can work in any cell cycle phase. Similar to mustard gas

Answer 6

alkylating agents

Question 7

Side effects from alkylating agents include

Answer 7

bone marrow depression, amenorrhea (women)-Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods

azoospermia (men) - Azoospermia is the medical term used when there are no sperm in the ejaculate
,

carcinogenesis - making of cancer cells

Question 8

Alkylating agents are typically used to treat

Answer 8

leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, sarcoma, brain, lung, breast, and ovarian cancer

Question 9

What are some examples of alkylating agents

Answer 9

cisplatin (platinol aq). cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)

Question 10

_____ hinder DNA synthesis and cross the blood brain barrier since they are lipid soluble. The cell cycle is not specific. Used to treat brain tumors.

Answer 10

Nitrosoureas

Question 11

What are the side effects of Nitrosoureas chemo

Answer 11

delayed myelosuppression, Gl toxicity, delayed nephrotoxicity

Question 12

Nitrosoureas chemo examples are

Answer 12

carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin

Question 13

____ disturb formation of nucleic acids and cell reproduction, Happens in S-phase

Answer 13

Antimetabolites

Question 14

Antimetabolites chemo side effects

Answer 14

Gl toxicity, acute bone marrow suppression

Question 15

Antimetabolites typically treat

Answer 15

leukemia, and breast, ovarian, and intestinal tract cancers

Question 16

Examples of antimetabolites

Answer 16

methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, Xeloda, hydroxurea, gemcitabine, etc.

Question 17

______ stops DNA/ RNA transcription. does not treat infections, Cell cycle is not specific but most effective is S and G2.

Answer 17

antitumor antibiotics

Question 18

examples of antitumor antibiotics include

Answer 18

doxorubicin (Adriamycin) - causes cardia toxicity , bleomycin - can cause lung toxicity , mitomycin C, actinomycin D

Question 19

_____ removes/replace hormones

Answer 19

hormonal agents

Question 20

Hormonal agent examples are

Answer 20

tamoxifen and leuprolide

Question 21

_____ interfers with enzymes and DNA replication

Answer 21

Toisomerase inhibitors

Question 22

Toisomerase inhibitors examples

Answer 22

Topotecan and etoposide

Question 23

_______are from periwinkle plans and stop cell replication are most effective in Metaphase phase

Answer 23

Vina Alkaloids

Question 24

Vina Alkaloids Examples

Answer 24

vincrinstine, Vinblastine, paclitaxel

Question 25

_______are natural hormones and hormone like drugs

Answer 25

Corticosteroids

Question 26

Corticosteroids examples

Answer 26

prednisone and dexamethasone

Question 27

Typical chemos used to treat anal cancer

Answer 27

5-FU, Mitomycin, Capecitabine

Question 28

Typical chemos used to treat bladder cancer

Answer 28

5-FU, Cisplatin, Gemcitabine

Question 29

Typical chemos used to treat Esophageal cancer

Answer 29

5-FU, Mitomycin, Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Taxol

Question 30

Typical chemos used to treat Hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 30

ABVD - (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine,Dacarbazine) MOPP (Nitrogen Mustard,Oncovin, Prednisone, Procarbazine), and BEACOPP (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisone, Procarbazine)

Question 31

Typical chemos used to treat Breast cancer

Answer 31

Taxel, Carboplatin, CMF (Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, 5-FU)

Question 32

Typical chemos used to treat brain cancer

Answer 32

temozolomide

Question 33

Surgery is used to treat tumors

Answer 33

locally

Question 34

____is optimal for solid tumors contained to one area

Answer 34

Surgery

Question 35

____is recommended when removing the entire tumor might cause damage to the

Answer 35

Debulking

Question 36

Risks of surgery include

Answer 36

pain after surgery, infection, bleeding, damage to or loss of function of local tissues, and reactions to anesthesia used during surgery

Question 37

Surgeries can be performed as

Answer 37

open surgery or minimally invasive

Question 38

____surgery is when the surgeon cuts into the body to remove the tumor, some healthy tissue, and possibly some lymph nodes

Answer 38

Open

Question 39

_______invasive surgery is when the surgeon creates a few smaller cuts to be able to insert a laparoscope (tiny tube with a camera) and other smaller tubes to remove the tumor

Answer 39

Minimally

Question 40

Surgical biopsies are used for

Answer 40

diagnosis and stage tumors

Question 41

some methods for biopsies are

Answer 41

fine-needle aspiration, core needle, endoscopic, incisional, and excisional

Question 42

_____ treatments stop the tumors growth and prevent it from coming back

Answer 42

Curative

Question 43

____treatments ease the symptoms the patient is having from cancer

Answer 43

Palliative

Question 44

Radiation treatments can preserve the function of organs and lead to better cosmetic outcomes as compared with

Answer 44

surgery

Question 45

______ is a high dose of radiation that comes out of a machine called the linear accelerator and is aimed at the cancer within the body

Answer 45

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)

Question 46

______is also called internal radiation therapy and uses a source of radiation that is placed inside the patient's body

Answer 46

Brachytherapy - can come in seeds rods so on

Question 47

for low dose rate brachytherapy (LDR)

Answer 47

- source stays in patient longer period of time - 1-6 days (24-144 hours) - patient will stay in hospital with proper shielding

Question 48

for High dose rate HDR ?

Answer 48

- sources stay in patient shorter period of time - 10-20 minutes total - fractionated

Question 49

for permanent implants ?

Answer 49

- source remain in patient for life - strength lessens daily - should limit there time around pregnant people and children

Question 50

what a afterloader

Answer 50

- allow for remote handling of radiative sources - reduces dose to personal - used for LDR and HDR treatments - most common source used in after loaders is IRIDIUM 192

Question 51

______treatments combine more than one type of treatment

Answer 51

Multimodality

Question 52

______ treatment is when two different kinds of treatments occur at the same time

Answer 52

Concomitant or concurrent

Question 53

___treatment is when one treatment option follows another treatment (one after the other)

Answer 53

Sequential

Question 54

_____treatment is a treatment given in addition to the primary treatment

Answer 54

Adjuvant

Question 55

_____ is A cancer treatment that uses the body's defense system to fight cancerous tumors

Answer 55

immunotherapy

Question 56

goal of radiation therapy can include:

Answer 56

curative palliative prophalactic - prevent spread of cancer for known patterns/high risk emergency - shrink tumors to reduce pain, bleeding , obstruction , or compression

Question 57

definitive treatment means

Answer 57

radiation is primary treatment modality

Question 58

Neoadjuvant treatment means

Answer 58

radiation delivered before another modality (surgery)

Question 59

salvage treatment means

Answer 59

radiation delivered after primary treatment technique failed