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part 4: oncology treatments > A. types of available treatments > Flashcards

A. types of available treatments Flashcards

1
Q

______is a systemic treatment, meaning it is used to treat the Whole body

A

Chemotherapy

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2
Q

Chemotherapy drugs are ____and can kill the primary tumor cell and other tumor cells that have spread through the body

A

cytotoxic - “toxic to living cells”

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3
Q

Chemo Can be given

A

orally, intravenously, intra-arterially, intraperitoneally, intrathecally - needs doctor to do it , or topically

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4
Q

____is a radiosensitizer and increases the effect of radiation

A

Doxorubicin

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5
Q

____is a radioprotector and decreases the effect of radiation on healthy cells

A

Amifostine

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6
Q

____ stops cell division by damaging DNA. The cell cycle is not specific, can work in any cell cycle phase. Similar to mustard gas

A

alkylating agents

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7
Q

Side effects from alkylating agents include

A

bone marrow depression, amenorrhea (women)-Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods

azoospermia (men) - Azoospermia is the medical term used when there are no sperm in the ejaculate
,

carcinogenesis - making of cancer cells

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8
Q

Alkylating agents are typically used to treat

A

leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, sarcoma, brain, lung, breast, and ovarian cancer

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9
Q

What are some examples of alkylating agents

A

cisplatin (platinol aq). cyclophosphamide (cytoxan)

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10
Q

_____ hinder DNA synthesis and cross the blood brain barrier since they are lipid soluble. The cell cycle is not specific. Used to treat brain tumors.

A

Nitrosoureas

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11
Q

What are the side effects of Nitrosoureas chemo

A

delayed myelosuppression, Gl toxicity, delayed nephrotoxicity

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12
Q

Nitrosoureas chemo examples are

A

carmustine, lomustine, streptozocin

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13
Q

____ disturb formation of nucleic acids and cell reproduction, Happens in S-phase

A

Antimetabolites

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14
Q

Antimetabolites chemo side effects

A

Gl toxicity, acute bone marrow suppression

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15
Q

Antimetabolites typically treat

A

leukemia, and breast, ovarian, and intestinal tract cancers

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16
Q

Examples of antimetabolites

A

methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, Xeloda, hydroxurea, gemcitabine, etc.

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17
Q

______ stops DNA/ RNA transcription. does not treat infections, Cell cycle is not specific but most effective is S and G2.

A

antitumor antibiotics

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18
Q

examples of antitumor antibiotics include

A

doxorubicin (Adriamycin) - causes cardia toxicity , bleomycin - can cause lung toxicity , mitomycin C, actinomycin D

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19
Q

_____ removes/replace hormones

A

hormonal agents

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20
Q

Hormonal agent examples are

A

tamoxifen and leuprolide

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21
Q

_____ interfers with enzymes and DNA replication

A

Toisomerase inhibitors

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22
Q

Toisomerase inhibitors examples

A

Topotecan and etoposide

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23
Q

_______are from periwinkle plans and stop cell replication are most effective in Metaphase phase

A

Vina Alkaloids

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24
Q

Vina Alkaloids Examples

A

vincrinstine, Vinblastine, paclitaxel

25
Q

_______are natural hormones and hormone like drugs

A

Corticosteroids

26
Q

Corticosteroids examples

A

prednisone and dexamethasone

27
Q

Typical chemos used to treat anal cancer

A

5-FU, Mitomycin, Capecitabine

28
Q

Typical chemos used to treat bladder cancer

A

5-FU, Cisplatin, Gemcitabine

29
Q

Typical chemos used to treat Esophageal cancer

A

5-FU, Mitomycin, Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Taxol

30
Q

Typical chemos used to treat Hodgkins lymphoma

A

ABVD - (Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine,Dacarbazine) MOPP (Nitrogen Mustard,Oncovin, Prednisone, Procarbazine), and BEACOPP (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Prednisone, Procarbazine)

31
Q

Typical chemos used to treat Breast cancer

A

Taxel, Carboplatin, CMF (Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, 5-FU)

32
Q

Typical chemos used to treat brain cancer

A

temozolomide

33
Q

Surgery is used to treat tumors

A

locally

34
Q

____is optimal for solid tumors contained to one area

A

Surgery

35
Q

____is recommended when removing the entire tumor might cause damage to the

A

Debulking

36
Q

Risks of surgery include

A

pain after surgery, infection, bleeding, damage to or loss of function of local tissues, and reactions to anesthesia used during surgery

37
Q

Surgeries can be performed as

A

open surgery or minimally invasive

38
Q

____surgery is when the surgeon cuts into the body to remove the tumor, some healthy tissue, and possibly some lymph nodes

A

Open

39
Q

_______invasive surgery is when the surgeon creates a few smaller cuts to be able to insert a laparoscope (tiny tube with a camera) and other smaller tubes to remove the tumor

A

Minimally

40
Q

Surgical biopsies are used for

A

diagnosis and stage tumors

41
Q

some methods for biopsies are

A

fine-needle aspiration, core needle, endoscopic, incisional, and excisional

42
Q

_____ treatments stop the tumors growth and prevent it from coming back

A

Curative

43
Q

____treatments ease the symptoms the patient is having from cancer

A

Palliative

44
Q

Radiation treatments can preserve the function of organs and lead to better cosmetic outcomes as compared with

A

surgery

45
Q

______ is a high dose of radiation that comes out of a machine called the linear accelerator and is aimed at the cancer within the body

A

External beam radiation therapy (EBRT)

46
Q

______is also called internal radiation therapy and uses a source of radiation that is placed inside the patient’s body

A

Brachytherapy

  • can come in seeds rods so on
47
Q

for low dose rate brachytherapy (LDR)

A
  • source stays in patient longer period of time
  • 1-6 days (24-144 hours)
  • patient will stay in hospital with proper shielding
48
Q

for High dose rate HDR ?

A
  • sources stay in patient shorter period of time
  • 10-20 minutes total
  • fractionated
49
Q

for permanent implants ?

A
  • source remain in patient for life
  • strength lessens daily
  • should limit there time around pregnant people and children
50
Q

what a afterloader

A
  • allow for remote handling of radiative sources
  • reduces dose to personal
  • used for LDR and HDR treatments
  • most common source used in after loaders is IRIDIUM 192
51
Q

______treatments combine more than one type of treatment

A

Multimodality

52
Q

______ treatment is when two different kinds of treatments occur at the same time

A

Concomitant or concurrent

53
Q

___treatment is when one treatment option follows another treatment (one after the other)

A

Sequential

54
Q

_____treatment is a treatment given in addition to the primary treatment

A

Adjuvant

55
Q

_____ is A cancer treatment that uses the body’s defense system to fight cancerous tumors

A

immunotherapy

56
Q

goal of radiation therapy can include:

A

curative
palliative
prophalactic - prevent spread of cancer for known patterns/high risk

emergency - shrink tumors to reduce pain, bleeding , obstruction , or compression

57
Q

definitive treatment means

A

radiation is primary treatment modality

58
Q

Neoadjuvant treatment means

A

radiation delivered before another modality (surgery)

59
Q

salvage treatment means

A

radiation delivered after primary treatment technique failed

part 4: oncology treatments (4 decks)

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