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AP BIO unit 2 > A tour of the cell > Flashcards

A tour of the cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the cell theory?

A
  1. organisms are composed of one or more cells
  2. cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
  3. All cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

PROKARYOTIC…

A
  1. usually single-celled
  2. No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  3. Metabolism through aerobic and anaerobic means
  4. Genetic material localized–NUCLEOID
  5. Most cells have peptidoglycan which makes up cell walls
  6. Circular DNA, one form of RNA polymerase
  7. No cytoskeleton
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3
Q

What is peptidoglycan? Function?

A

It makes up cell walls and is mainly found in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Protects bacteria from environment stress.

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4
Q

pro means?

A

before

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5
Q

eu- means

A

after

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6
Q

Eukaryotic cells have…

A
  1. Nuclear membrane encolsed DNA
  2. Organelle have membranes
  3. RNA and protein synthesized in two different locations
  4. Linear DNA molecules with non-coding introns
  5. More than one RNA polymerase
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7
Q

why does a cell go through mitosis?

A

because it is becoming too large and more inefficient

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8
Q

Cells are compartmentalized to…

A

increase SA to Volume ration
specialized reaction withing and localized reactions when needed

smaller cells are more efficient and each organelle increases SA

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9
Q

Why are small compartments important?

A

The isolated areas of the cell, allow for various conditions for different reasons aka Ph, the concentration of solute differences

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10
Q

Each smaller structure can be…

A

specialized can carry out specific functions
this can increase complexity and provide surfaces for reactions

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11
Q

Plasma membrane consist of

A

lipid bilayer
proteins
- channels, transport, pumps, and receptors

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

area between the outer membrane and nuclear membrane including organelles

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

Liquid/ gel material containing water, gazes, and macromolecules

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14
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

is a double membrane system contains a double phospholipid bilayer
contains pores that regulate the entrance and exit of ions and small proteins(proteins guide things into pores)

also contains a large number of proteins

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15
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

protein network that hold and reinforce structures together
made of intermediate filaments and regulates access to DNA,

Involved in RNA transciption, nuclear and chromatic organization, cell cycle regulation, cell development, differentiation, nuclear migration and apoptosis

one difference in enzyme can cause premature death of cell

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16
Q

Ribosomes

A

Smallest and most numerous organelle and are reusable
two types free and bound

catalyzes formation of peptide bonds using RNA molecules

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17
Q

What is the composition of a ribosome? And where is it synthesized?

A

60% rRNA
40% proteins
Synthesized in nucleolus

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18
Q

Two parts of a ribosome?

A

Large subunit and small subunit

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19
Q

Free ribosomes

A

create protein for that cells usw

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20
Q

Bound ribosomes

A

bound to Er or nuclear membrane

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21
Q

Er contain mainly what proteins

A

secretory protains – make proteins that leave cell

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22
Q

Nucleus contains what volume of the total cell

A

6-10%

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23
Q

What surrounds the nucleus and what is continuous with the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope surrounds and ER is continuous

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24
Q

Chromosome

A

one single DNA molecule associated with proteins
organized DNA

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25
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA molecules and histone proteins
condenses to form chromosomes

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26
Q

Nucleolus

A

genes for rRNA that will be assembled into ribosomal subunits
may have more than one in cell

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27
Q

endomembrane system

A

interior network of membrane that assemble lipids and produce and modify proteins

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28
Q

What is apart of the endomembrane system

A

nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosome, vacuole

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29
Q

what volume of the cell does the endomembrane system take up

A

50%

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30
Q

ER

A

network of tubes and sacs that are continuous with nuclear membrane
most extensive membrane system
two types
- rough
- smooth

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31
Q

rough ER

A
  • studded with proteins and ribosomes
    produces secretory proteins
    signal sequence on polypeptide instructs ribosomes to attach to ER (docking site)
    transmembrane proteins

proteins that are made here are often used in lumen

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32
Q

Sooth ER

A

lipid production, CH2O metabolism, storage of ions(CA+), detoxification of drugs/alcohol
proteins in membrane or within lumen catalyze reactions

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33
Q

what can be synthesized in both types of ER

A

phospholipids

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34
Q

Golgi Bodies function

A

Process, Package, Sort!

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35
Q

describe the structure of Golgi

A

individual layers with constant motion of vesicles
each layer has different chemicals and the amount of layers depends on the cell

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36
Q

How many Golgi are in a cell

A

only 1

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37
Q

Cis face is what

A

the closest part to the nucelaus and is where the material enters

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38
Q

Trans Face

A

closest to the membrane cell and exit of everything in vesicles

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39
Q

What is found in lumen of the Golgi

A

enzymes that catalyze the addition or removal of parts

40
Q

What types of vesicles can the golgi form?

A

secretory and lysosomal vesicles

41
Q

Lysosomes are different in what way?

A

they are single membrane bound organelle

42
Q

Lysosomes function

A

Cell recycler

contains 40 different hydrolytic enzymes responsible for the digestion of macromolecules, autolysis, intracellular digestion

dead cells no longer able to maintain H+ gradient so oganelle breaks down releasing contents

43
Q

What makes lysosomes

A

Golgi and ER

44
Q

What disease is caused by faulty lysosomes

A

tay-sachs
faulty enzyme in lysosomes responsible for lipid breakdown
pre-mature death

45
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Lysosomes play an important role in phagocytosis. When macrophages phagocytose foreign particles, they contain them within a phagosome. The phagosome will then bind with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome. These enzymes are critical in oxygen-independent killing mechanisms.

46
Q

Autophagy

A

is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that delivers cytoplasmic components and organelles to the lysosomes for digestion. Lysosomes are specialized organelles that break up macromolecules, allowing the cell to reuse the materials.

47
Q

Vacuoles

A

storage of water, ion, pigments

48
Q

How are vaculoles different that vesicles formed by Golgi and ER

A

they are larger

49
Q

Where is the plant central vacuole enclosed in

A

tonoplast ( and provides cell with hydrostatic pressure

50
Q

Plants holding water in vacuoles is important because

A

keeps plants upright and erect

51
Q

how many membranes does a chloroplast have

A

three

52
Q

the stroma of a chloroplast is analygous to the

A

matrix

53
Q

Similar to the mitochondria

A

the chloroplast is semi-autonomous

54
Q

Cytoskeleton consists of

A

protein fibers that support and give shape to a cell

55
Q

three types of fibers

A

microtubules
intermediate filaments
microfilaments

56
Q

Three fibers and their size

A

microtubules - thickest
intermediate filaments- medium size
microfilaments - thinnest

57
Q

peroxisomes function

A

contains catalase that breaks down H2O2 formed during metabolism of alcohols
self-replicating
makes and hydrolyses peroxide

58
Q

Mitochondria origin

A

usually maternal (comes from mother) but sometimes can be paternal

59
Q

mitochondira function

A

production of atp
double membrane
have their own DNA
divide on their own
have ribsomes that produce enzyme for atp production

60
Q

what theory is there related to mitochondria

A

endosymbiont theory

61
Q

what is the endosymbiont theory?

A

that some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells were once prokaryotic microbes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as prokaryotic cells and divide by binary fission. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA which is circular, not linear

62
Q

what is the intermembrane space?

A

space between inner and outer membrane in mitochondria

63
Q

Motor proteins

A

kinesin goes right
dynein goes left
hydolyse ATP to change protein

64
Q

Microtubules loook like

A

tunnel- hoolow walls

65
Q

microtubules consist of what

A

tubulin
a dimer consisting of alpha and b tubulin

66
Q

Microfilaments look like

A

rope bc of two intertwined strings

67
Q

Microfilaments are made of

A

actin

68
Q

Intermediate filaments look like

A

one think coil made up of hundreds of smaller coils

69
Q

Intermediate filaments are made up of

A

several different proteins such as keratin

70
Q

centrosome is the

A

microtubule organizing center ONLY FOUND IN ANIMALS
by controlling the number location and orientation of microtubules

71
Q

describe what stops polymerization

A

Cholchicine

72
Q

what prevents depolymerization

A

taxol

73
Q

in the cenrtosome what side does the polymerization go

A

the positive side away from the centrosome

74
Q

Cilia and Flagella structure

A

9 to 2 structure
dynein walks microtubukes past one another

75
Q

What anchors flagella/cillia

A

basal body

76
Q

muscles are composed of ..

A

microfilaments

77
Q

what provided structure to long cells

A

intermediate fillaments

78
Q

what enables cell movements in phagocytosis and cytokinesis

A

microfilaments

79
Q

what is found in desmosomes

A

desmosomes are used in cell to cell contact
intermediate filaments

80
Q

what gives the nucleus its shape

A

intermidiate filaments

81
Q

what allows cell to cell junction in plants

A

plamodesmata

82
Q

what allows cell to cell junction in animals

A

tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions

83
Q

tight junctions prevents

A

leakage between cells

84
Q

desmosomes

A

mechanically attach cells to each other
anchoring sited for intermediate filamets

85
Q

gap junctions

A

communication pathway between cells only small things can get through

86
Q

what is analygous to plasmodemata

A

gap junctions

87
Q

tight junctions, desmosomes, and gO JUNCTIONS have what in common

A

can only be found in eukaryote cells

88
Q

plant cells walls

A

prevent cells from bursting

89
Q

what are plant cell walls made of

A

cellulose

90
Q

due to plasmodesmata

A

everything must cross membrane at least once

91
Q

plant cell secretion forms

A

pectin

92
Q

pectin acts as

A

adhesivse in miffle lamella

93
Q

plants without secondary cell walls are

A

herbs

94
Q

plants with secondary wall are

A

woody

95
Q

new plants can be bendy bc

A

they have yet to develope second wall yet

96
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

intricate network of proteins and polysaccharides that are organized into a meshwork on the outside of cells

97
Q

what two things provide structure and strength in the ECM

A

proteins like collegen and elastin

AP BIO unit 2 (3 decks)

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