A&PI Ch. 13,14,&15 Central and Automatic Nervous Systems prt. 2 Flashcards
_______ and ______ _______ are composed of gray and white tissue.
Brain; Sinal Cord
Gray Matter
-outside for the brain
-made of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons
White Matter
-outside for spinal cord
-consists of myelinated axons
-organized in bundles called tracts
True or False? The distribution of white and gray matter is the same in the brain and spinal cord.
FALSE; it is the opposite distribution in the brain and spinal cord
-White Matter (outside for spinal cord inside for brain)
-Gray Matter (outside for brain and inside for spinal cord)
What are the 7 Lobes of the brain?
-Frontal
-Temporal
-Brain Stem
-Parietal
-Insula
-Occipital
-Cerebellum
Which lobe of the brain is hidden?
Insula
Frontal Lobe
-thinking
-memory
-behaviour and movement
Temporal Lobe
-hearing
-learning
-feelings
Brain Stem
-breathing
-heart rate
-temperature
Parietal Lobe
-language
-touch
Insula
-subjective perception of one’s self
-awareness
Occipital Lobe
sight
Cerebellum
-balance
-coordination
Where are the motor areas of the brain located?
they are housed within frontal lobes
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
-in the precentral gyrus
-it is also called a somatic motor area
What does the primary motor cortex do?
controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite sides of the body (project contralateral (opposite side) within brainstem or spinal cord)
The controlled body regions map as a ________ ____________
motor homunculus
Motor Homunculus
-distorted proportions of the body reflect amount of cortex dedicated to each part
-ex. hands are large on homunculus because large area of the brain controls their precise movements
What is a gyrus?
an elevated ridge or hill
3 Parts of the Brainstem
-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
-Midbrain
Medulla Oblongata
relay station between spinal cord and brain
Pons
relay station from medulla to higher cortical structures of the brain
Midbrain
nerve pathway of the cerebral hemisphere
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
-Olfactory (I) -Optic (II)
-Oculomotor (III) -Trigeminal (V)
-Trochlear (IV) -Facial (VII)
-Abducens (VI) -Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
-Glossopharyngeal (IX) -Vagus (X)
-Accessory (XI) -Hypoglossal (XII)
Structures of the Cerebellum
-Arbor Vitae
-Flocculonodular Lobe
-Vermis
-Lateral Hemispheres
Arbor Vitae
white matter of the cerebellum
Flocculonodular
control of balance and eye movements
Vermis
posture, locomotion, fine motor coordination
Lateral Hemispheres
planning, practicing, and learning complex movements
Structures of The Diencephalon
-thalamus
-subthalamus
-epithalamus
-hypothalamus
Thalamus
largest part; receives input from most sensory neurons in the body
Subthalamus
motor functions
Epithalamus
-emotional (attach to smell) and visceral (gag reflex to smells) responses to odors; biological clock
-pineal gland (melatonin)
Hypothalamus
major endocrine tissue; homeostatically regulates many important physiological processes
The __________ is associated with memory.
hippocampus
Limbic System
-the emotional brain (creation and maintenance)
-composed of multiple cerebral and diencephalic structures that process and experience emotions
Hippocampus
-part of the limbic system
-associated with spatial memory and navigation, verbal memory, and learning of computational information
-site of formation of new memories
Spinal Cord Anatomy
-long, thin, tubular bundle of neurons
-carriers information to/from the brain
-encased in vertebrae and meninges
-divided into different segments that correspond with overlying vertebrae
_______ _______ is organized into funiculi (columns): dorsal, lateral and ventral.
White Matter
Each _______ is organized into nerve tracts.
funiculi
What are the nerves in the spinal cord?
dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, ventral root, dorsal root
Dorsal Ramus
carries sensory information to and from the back
Ventral Ramus
carries motor information to and from the other parts of the body
Ventral Root
motor axons
Dorsal Root
sensory axons
What is Dicephalon?
The center of the brain
Which activities are under the control of the flocculonodular lobe?
balance and eye movement
The ______________ is associated with memory and is destroyed with Alzheimer’s in tandem with the amygdala.
Hippocampus
What is the amygdala associated with?
Emotions
What are the placements of the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater?
- Dura Mater= directly touches bone
- Arachnoid Mater= touches fluid
- Pia Mater= touches tissue
White mater is arranged in _________.
funiculi (columns)
What are the 3 funiculi of white matter called?
dorsal, lateral, and ventral
Each funiculi is organized into _______ _______.
nerve tracts
Dorsal root is _______ to CNS.
afferent
Ventral root is ________ to CNS.
efferent
What is the difference between afferent and efferent?
- Afferent= toward CNS
- Efferent= away from CNS (exiting)
The peripheral nervous system is divided into what two categories?
-Motor Neurons= CNS to muscles and glands (efferent)
-Sensory Neurons= Sensory organs to CNS (afferent)
Motor Neurons are divided into what two categories?
-Somatic Nervous System (controls voluntary movement)
-Autonomic Nervous System (controls involuntary movement)
-Enteric Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous system is divided into what two categories?
-Sympathetic Division (fight or flight)
-Parasympathetic Division (rest and digest)
How do Somatic Neurons control movement?
Somatic neurons control movement by innervating skeletal muscles
How do Autonomic Neurons control movement?
Autonomic Neurons control movement by innervating smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
True or False? Sensory neurons are not subdivided into somatic and autonomic.
TRUE; because there is an overlap in their functions
-ex. pain receptors can stimulate both somatic and autonomic reflexes
What is the ANS?
Autonomic Nervous System
What does the ANS do?
-maintains homeostasis by regulating involuntary activities
-ex. heart rate, breathing rate, body temp, and digestion
