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A&P I Lecture and Lab > A&P I Ch.9 Articulations > Flashcards

A&P I Ch.9 Articulations Flashcards

1
Q

Range of Motion

A

refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement

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2
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs

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3
Q

Stability v.s. Mobility

A

the more mobile a joint, the more likely it is to get injured

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4
Q

True or False? The more stable a joint, the more mobile it is

A

False (more stable, less mobile)

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5
Q

True or False? In every joint, there is a trade-off between mobility and stability

A

True

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6
Q

Most Stable; immobile

A

Sutures

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7
Q

Stable; Slightly mobile

A

intervertebral joints

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8
Q

Between Immobile and Slightly mobile; Between Most stable and Stable

A

Interosseous Membrane

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9
Q

Most mobile; Least stable

A

Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder)

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10
Q

Between Slightly mobile and Most mobile; between Stable and Least stable

A

Knee Joint

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11
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

A

-bones joined by cartilage
-primary function is to resist compression and tension stress
-resilient shock absorbers
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. Intervertebral Joints

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12
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

-bones held together by dense connective tissue
-collagen fibers holding them together
-primary function is to hold bones together
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. sutures and interosseous membrane

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13
Q

Synovial Joints

A

-most common in appendicular skeleton
-bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces
-primary function is movement
-all freely mobile
-ex. Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder) and Knee Joint

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14
Q

Synarthroses

A

-immobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous

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15
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

-slightly mobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints

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16
Q

Diarthroses

A

-freely mobile joints
-all synovial joints

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17
Q

Fibrous Joint Examples

A

Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis all which have Synarthrosis (No Movement) and Amphiarthrosis (Slight Movement)

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18
Q

Syndesmosis Movement

A

-Amphiarthrosis Slight Movement
-Distal Tibiofibular (tibia and fibula)

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19
Q

Suture Movement

A

-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Cornonal, Lambdoid, and Saggital (frontal, parietal, and occipital bones)

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20
Q

Gomphosis Movement

A

-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Dentoalveolar (tooth and alveolarprocess)

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21
Q

Sutures

A

-connect membranous bones of the skull
-immovable (syanothrosis)

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22
Q

Fontanels

A

-incompletely-ossified membranous areas present in fetal and infant skulls
-become ossified by age 2

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23
Q

Syndesmoses

A

-bones (tibia and fibula) are connected by interosseous ligament
-allow slight shift, or “give” movement (Amphiarthrosis)

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24
Q

Gomphosis

A

-how teeth articulate with the mandibular and maxillary sockets
-connective tissue fibers form periodontal ligaments
-generally immovable, but can show movement over time (Synarthrosis; no movement)

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25
What structure constitutes the "soft spots" on a baby's head?
Fontanelles
26
Interosseous Ligament
Connect Lateral Malleolus of Fibula and Medial Malleolus of Fibula
27
Synchondroses
-Hyaline cartilage connects bones or parts of bones -structure reveals developmental history -ex. epiphyseal plates are remnants of cartilage templates for bone growth
28
Symphyses
-fibrocartilage discs unite bones -allows slight movement between articulating bones -ex. pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies
29
Synovial Joint
-characterized by a joint cavity containing Synovial FLUID -Feely movable joints -most common joint in appendicular skeleton -all share common anatomy
30
Why do synovial joints contain fluid?
Synovial fluid allows for lubrication of joint cavity
31
Uniaxial Joints
-type of synovial joint -1 axis of rotation -1 degree of freedom -1 plane of movement -hinge joints -pivot joints
32
Hinge Joint
-type of uniaxial joint -concave surface articulating with a convex surface
33
Pivot Joint
-type of uniaxial joint -cylindrical shape rotates within a ring of bone of bone or ligament
34
Biaxial Joint
-type of synovial joint -2 axes of rotation -2 planes of movement -Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints -Saddle Joints
35
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
-type of biaxial joint -ovoid-shape process articulating with a shallow cavity
36
Saddle Joints
-type of biaxial joint -same movements as condyloid joints, but distinct based on the shapes of the bones involved
37
Multiaxial Joints
-type of synovial joint -3 degrees of freedom (ball and socket) -no identifiable axes of rotation (gliding) -Ball and Socket Joints -Gliding Joints
38
Ball and Socket Joints
-type of multiaxial joint -spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
39
Gliding Joints
-type of multiaxial joint -flat or nearly-flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any direction
40
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
-articulation between the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone -classified as combined hinge/ gliding joint -hinge action -gliding action -also capable of side-to-side excursions
41
Hinge Action
between mandibular condyle and fossa
42
Gliding Action
mandibular condyle moves forward toward articular tubercle
43
Intervertebral Joints features
-bodies articulate with each other via symphysis joints -articular facets articulate via gliding joints -vertebral bodies are joined by fibrocartilage pads (intervertebral discs) forming slightly-movable symphysis joints -slight movement is allowed at each joint
44
C1 and C2 (Atlanta Axial Joint) Features
-C1= "atlas"; supports the "globe" of the skull -C2= "axis" -Dens of C2 projects into ring formed by C1 -Double-condyloid joint allows for extended range of motion of the head on the neck -the most mobile of all intervertebral articulations
45
Shoulder Joint
-most freely movable joint in the body -triaxial ball-and-socket joint -ball= humerus head -socket= glenoid cavity -stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
46
Supraspinatus
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles -abduction
47
Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles -adduction and lateral rotation
48
Subscapularis
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles -medial rotation (out and in)
49
What muscles are stabilized by rotator cuff muscles?
-Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Teres Minor -Subscapularis
50
Shoulder Girdle Features
-Sternoclavicular Joint -Acromioclavicular Joint -Scapulothroracic Joints
51
Sternoclavicular Joint
clavicle articulates with the head of sternum via gliding joint
52
Acromioclavicular Joint
clavicle articulates with acromion of scapula via gliding joint
53
Scapulothoracic Joint
-surface of anterior scapula glides on surface of posterior thoracic cage -underside of thoracic cage
54
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
-Humeroulnar Joint -Humeroradial Joint -Proximal Radioulnar Joint
55
Humeroulnar Joint
-hinge joint formed by trochlea of humerus articulating with trochlear notch of ulna -uniaxial; allows flexion and extension
56
Humeroradial Joint
formed by capitulum of humerus articulating with head of radius
57
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
pivot joint allowing pronation and supination
58
Anatomy of the Hip Joint
-triaxial ball-and-socket joint -acetabular labrum -ligaments -allows same movements as shoulder, but with smaller range of motion
59
BALL of Ball and Socket Joint
femoral head/ humeral head
60
SOCKET of Ball and Socket Joint
acetabulum/ glenoid cavity
61
Acetabular Labrum
fibrocartilage that deepens the socket and improves fit
62
Ligaments
prevent excessive movement
63
Anatomy of the Knee Joint
- largest joint in the body - classified as "modified hinge" - articular surfaces provide little stability -soft tissue structures provide joint integrity and support -these include menisci and ligamnets - Knee itself composed of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints
64
Flexion Joint Movements
raises limbs forward (anterior) in the saggital plane
65
Extension Joint Movements
moves limbs backward (posterior) in the saggital plane
66
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
-special for ankle -dorsi= toward lower leg -planter= back to the ground surface away from lower leg
67
Abduction
-occurs in the frontal plane -movement away from the midline
68
Adduction
-occurs in the frontal plane -movement towards midline
69
Midline
-occurs in the frontal plane -can refer to the body's midline or midline of another structure
70
Circumduction
-movement that occurs along the sagittal and frontal planes -a combination of movements in a cone-like shape with appendages
71
Rotation
-movements that can occur around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment -rotation of the head on the neck -rotation of the intervertebral discs of the spine -rotation possible at ball-and-socket joints
72
Nodding your head to say yes is an example of which type of joint movement?
Flexion/ Extension
73
What type of joint is a symphysis?
Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)
74
What degree of movement does a symphysis joint have?
Amphiarthrosis
75
Supination and Pronation
specialized rotation at proximal and distal radioulnar joints
76
Opposition
specialized movement of hand where thumb touches any finger ("pincher" grasp)
77
Inversion/ Eversion
specialized movement of intertarsal joints
78
Inversion
weight on lateral side of foot
79
Eversion
weight on medial side of foot
80
Elevation
moves upward (refers to jaw)
81
Depression
moves downward (refers to jaw)
82
Protraction/ Retraction
special jaw movement of mandible
83
Opening your mouth to bite into a burger displays what motion?
depression
84
What is Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)?
painful condition affecting the TMJ and muscles controlling chewing
85
Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-jaw pain/ tenderness -aching pain around ear -aching facial pain -pain with chewing
86
Causes of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-misalignment to articular disk -arthritic damage to joint cartilage -trauma
87
Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-pain relievers -mouth guards -oral splints -physical therapy
88
What is Osteoarthritis?
chronic, degenerative joint disease in a specific, targeted area
89
What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
-pain -stiffness -swelling -affected joints
90
What are the causes of Osteoarthritis?
-genetics -with injury -overuse and excess weight (sometimes factors)
91
What are the treatments for Osteoarthritis?
physical therapy aimed at long-term management of symptoms, and improving joint range of motion and flexibility
92
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-a systematic disease -is the most common autoimmune arthritis
93
What are symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-warm, swollen joints -stiffness -fatigue -fever -weight loss
94
What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-immune system attacks tissues within joints, leading to chronic inflammation
95
What are known treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-NSAIDs -Corticosteroid -Exercise -disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
96
What is Nursemaid's Elbow?
separation of the humeroradial joint (typically in children)
97
What are the symptoms of Nursemaid's Elbow?
pain during arm movement
98
What are the causes of Nursemaid's Elbow?
pulling on a child's arm causes the radial head to slip and ligament to be trapped in between
99
What are the treatments for Nursemaid's Elbow?
maneuvering the radius bac into position through reduction treatment to free the ligament
100
What is Baker's Cyst?
fluid-filled lumps/ swelling behind the knee
101
What are the symptoms of Baker's Cyst?
pain during knee movement/ walking
102
What are the causes of Baker's Cyst?
synovial fluid leaks out of the knee joint due to tear in meniscus or arthritis
103
What are the treatments of Baker's Cyst?
-fluid drainage -steroid medications -pain relievers -rest
104
What is Gout?
deposition of urate crystals in joints
105
What are the symptoms of gout?
-intense joint pain -usually sudden and at night -inflammation and limited range of motion
106
What are the causes of gout?
-build-up of uric acid in joint cavities (too much absorbed or too little excreted)
107
What are the treatments of gout?
-medications to block uric acid production, increase its excretion and reduce pain
108
What is Sjogren's Syndrome?
autoimmune disease that attacks glands that produce moisture
109
What are the symptoms of Sjogren's Syndrome?
most common are -dry eye -dry mouth -joint pain
110
What are the causes of Sjogren's Syndrome?
the immune system attacks glandular tissue of tears, saliva, mucus, etc.
111
What are the treatments for Sjogren's Syndrome?
-immunosuppressive drugs -steroids -medications to stimulate tear/ saliva production
112
What type of arthritis affects joints in a more systematic manner?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
113
Articulation or Joint
meeting place of two or more bones

A&P I Lecture and Lab (12 decks)

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