A&P I Ch.9 Articulations Flashcards
Range of Motion
refers to the normal extent of mobility for a specific joint movement
Degrees of Freedom
the number of axes at which movement in a joint occurs
Stability v.s. Mobility
the more mobile a joint, the more likely it is to get injured
True or False? The more stable a joint, the more mobile it is
False (more stable, less mobile)
True or False? In every joint, there is a trade-off between mobility and stability
True
Most Stable; immobile
Sutures
Stable; Slightly mobile
intervertebral joints
Between Immobile and Slightly mobile; Between Most stable and Stable
Interosseous Membrane
Most mobile; Least stable
Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder)
Between Slightly mobile and Most mobile; between Stable and Least stable
Knee Joint
Cartilaginous Joints
-bones joined by cartilage
-primary function is to resist compression and tension stress
-resilient shock absorbers
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. Intervertebral Joints
Fibrous Joints
-bones held together by dense connective tissue
-collagen fibers holding them together
-primary function is to hold bones together
-immobile or slightly mobile
-ex. sutures and interosseous membrane
Synovial Joints
-most common in appendicular skeleton
-bones joined by ligaments with fluid-filled joint cavity separating bone surfaces
-primary function is movement
-all freely mobile
-ex. Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder) and Knee Joint
Synarthroses
-immobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous
Amphiarthroses
-slightly mobile joints
-can be fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Diarthroses
-freely mobile joints
-all synovial joints
Fibrous Joint Examples
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis all which have Synarthrosis (No Movement) and Amphiarthrosis (Slight Movement)
Syndesmosis Movement
-Amphiarthrosis Slight Movement
-Distal Tibiofibular (tibia and fibula)
Suture Movement
-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Cornonal, Lambdoid, and Saggital (frontal, parietal, and occipital bones)
Gomphosis Movement
-Synarthrosis (No Movement)
-Dentoalveolar (tooth and alveolarprocess)
Sutures
-connect membranous bones of the skull
-immovable (syanothrosis)
Fontanels
-incompletely-ossified membranous areas present in fetal and infant skulls
-become ossified by age 2
Syndesmoses
-bones (tibia and fibula) are connected by interosseous ligament
-allow slight shift, or “give” movement (Amphiarthrosis)
Gomphosis
-how teeth articulate with the mandibular and maxillary sockets
-connective tissue fibers form periodontal ligaments
-generally immovable, but can show movement over time (Synarthrosis; no movement)
What structure constitutes the “soft spots” on a baby’s head?
Fontanelles
Interosseous Ligament
Connect Lateral Malleolus of Fibula and Medial Malleolus of Fibula
Synchondroses
-Hyaline cartilage connects bones or parts of bones
-structure reveals developmental history
-ex. epiphyseal plates are remnants of cartilage templates for bone growth
Symphyses
-fibrocartilage discs unite bones
-allows slight movement between articulating bones
-ex. pubic symphysis, joints connecting vertebral bodies
Synovial Joint
-characterized by a joint cavity containing Synovial FLUID
-Feely movable joints
-most common joint in appendicular skeleton
-all share common anatomy
Why do synovial joints contain fluid?
Synovial fluid allows for lubrication of joint cavity
Uniaxial Joints
-type of synovial joint
-1 axis of rotation
-1 degree of freedom
-1 plane of movement
-hinge joints
-pivot joints
Hinge Joint
-type of uniaxial joint
-concave surface articulating with a convex surface
Pivot Joint
-type of uniaxial joint
-cylindrical shape rotates within a ring of bone of bone or ligament
Biaxial Joint
-type of synovial joint
-2 axes of rotation
-2 planes of movement
-Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
-Saddle Joints
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
-type of biaxial joint
-ovoid-shape process articulating with a shallow cavity
Saddle Joints
-type of biaxial joint
-same movements as condyloid joints, but distinct based on the shapes of the bones involved
Multiaxial Joints
-type of synovial joint
-3 degrees of freedom (ball and socket)
-no identifiable axes of rotation (gliding)
-Ball and Socket Joints
-Gliding Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
-type of multiaxial joint
-spherical surface articulating with a cup-shaped socket
Gliding Joints
-type of multiaxial joint
-flat or nearly-flat articular surfaces that allow gliding in any direction
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
-articulation between the mandibular condyle and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
-classified as combined hinge/ gliding joint
-hinge action
-gliding action
-also capable of side-to-side excursions
Hinge Action
between mandibular condyle and fossa
Gliding Action
mandibular condyle moves forward toward articular tubercle
Intervertebral Joints features
-bodies articulate with each other via symphysis joints
-articular facets articulate via gliding joints
-vertebral bodies are joined by fibrocartilage pads (intervertebral discs) forming slightly-movable symphysis joints
-slight movement is allowed at each joint
C1 and C2 (Atlanta Axial Joint) Features
-C1= “atlas”; supports the “globe” of the skull
-C2= “axis”
-Dens of C2 projects into ring formed by C1
-Double-condyloid joint allows for extended range of motion of the head on the neck
-the most mobile of all intervertebral articulations
Shoulder Joint
-most freely movable joint in the body
-triaxial ball-and-socket joint
-ball= humerus head
-socket= glenoid cavity
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-abduction
Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-adduction and lateral rotation
Subscapularis
-stabilized by rotator cuff muscles
-medial rotation (out and in)
What muscles are stabilized by rotator cuff muscles?
-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres Minor
-Subscapularis
Shoulder Girdle Features
-Sternoclavicular Joint
-Acromioclavicular Joint
-Scapulothroracic Joints
Sternoclavicular Joint
clavicle articulates with the head of sternum via gliding joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
clavicle articulates with acromion of scapula via gliding joint
Scapulothoracic Joint
-surface of anterior scapula glides on surface of posterior thoracic cage
-underside of thoracic cage
Anatomy of the Elbow Joint
-Humeroulnar Joint
-Humeroradial Joint
-Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Humeroulnar Joint
-hinge joint formed by trochlea of humerus articulating with trochlear notch of ulna
-uniaxial; allows flexion and extension
Humeroradial Joint
formed by capitulum of humerus articulating with head of radius
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
pivot joint allowing pronation and supination
Anatomy of the Hip Joint
-triaxial ball-and-socket joint
-acetabular labrum
-ligaments
-allows same movements as shoulder, but with smaller range of motion
BALL of Ball and Socket Joint
femoral head/ humeral head
SOCKET of Ball and Socket Joint
acetabulum/ glenoid cavity
Acetabular Labrum
fibrocartilage that deepens the socket and improves fit
Ligaments
prevent excessive movement
Anatomy of the Knee Joint
- largest joint in the body
- classified as “modified hinge”
- articular surfaces provide little stability
-soft tissue structures provide joint integrity and support
-these include menisci and ligamnets - Knee itself composed of tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints
Flexion Joint Movements
raises limbs forward (anterior) in the saggital plane
Extension Joint Movements
moves limbs backward (posterior) in the saggital plane
Dorsiflexion and Plantarflexion
-special for ankle
-dorsi= toward lower leg
-planter= back to the ground surface away from lower leg
Abduction
-occurs in the frontal plane
-movement away from the midline
Adduction
-occurs in the frontal plane
-movement towards midline
Midline
-occurs in the frontal plane
-can refer to the body’s midline or midline of another structure
Circumduction
-movement that occurs along the sagittal and frontal planes
-a combination of movements in a cone-like shape with appendages
Rotation
-movements that can occur around the longitudinal axis of the moving segment
-rotation of the head on the neck
-rotation of the intervertebral discs of the spine
-rotation possible at ball-and-socket joints
Nodding your head to say yes is an example of which type of joint movement?
Flexion/ Extension
What type of joint is a symphysis?
Cartilaginous (fibrocartilage)
What degree of movement does a symphysis joint have?
Amphiarthrosis
Supination and Pronation
specialized rotation at proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Opposition
specialized movement of hand where thumb touches any finger (“pincher” grasp)
Inversion/ Eversion
specialized movement of intertarsal joints
Inversion
weight on lateral side of foot
Eversion
weight on medial side of foot
Elevation
moves upward (refers to jaw)
Depression
moves downward (refers to jaw)
Protraction/ Retraction
special jaw movement of mandible
Opening your mouth to bite into a burger displays what motion?
depression
What is Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)?
painful condition affecting the TMJ and muscles controlling chewing
Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-jaw pain/ tenderness
-aching pain around ear
-aching facial pain
-pain with chewing
Causes of Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-misalignment to articular disk
-arthritic damage to joint cartilage
-trauma
Treatments for Temporomandibular Disorder (TMJ)
-pain relievers
-mouth guards
-oral splints
-physical therapy
What is Osteoarthritis?
chronic, degenerative joint disease in a specific, targeted area
What are the symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
-pain
-stiffness
-swelling
-affected joints
What are the causes of Osteoarthritis?
-genetics
-with injury
-overuse and excess weight (sometimes factors)
What are the treatments for Osteoarthritis?
physical therapy aimed at long-term management of symptoms, and improving joint range of motion and flexibility
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-a systematic disease
-is the most common autoimmune arthritis
What are symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-warm, swollen joints
-stiffness
-fatigue
-fever
-weight loss
What causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-immune system attacks tissues within joints, leading to chronic inflammation
What are known treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
-NSAIDs
-Corticosteroid
-Exercise
-disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
What is Nursemaid’s Elbow?
separation of the humeroradial joint (typically in children)
What are the symptoms of Nursemaid’s Elbow?
pain during arm movement
What are the causes of Nursemaid’s Elbow?
pulling on a child’s arm causes the radial head to slip and ligament to be trapped in between
What are the treatments for Nursemaid’s Elbow?
maneuvering the radius bac into position through reduction treatment to free the ligament
What is Baker’s Cyst?
fluid-filled lumps/ swelling behind the knee
What are the symptoms of Baker’s Cyst?
pain during knee movement/ walking
What are the causes of Baker’s Cyst?
synovial fluid leaks out of the knee joint due to tear in meniscus or arthritis
What are the treatments of Baker’s Cyst?
-fluid drainage
-steroid medications
-pain relievers
-rest
What is Gout?
deposition of urate crystals in joints
What are the symptoms of gout?
-intense joint pain
-usually sudden and at night
-inflammation and limited range of motion
What are the causes of gout?
-build-up of uric acid in joint cavities (too much absorbed or too little excreted)
What are the treatments of gout?
-medications to block uric acid production, increase its excretion and reduce pain
What is Sjogren’s Syndrome?
autoimmune disease that attacks glands that produce moisture
What are the symptoms of Sjogren’s Syndrome?
most common are
-dry eye
-dry mouth
-joint pain
What are the causes of Sjogren’s Syndrome?
the immune system attacks glandular tissue of tears, saliva, mucus, etc.
What are the treatments for Sjogren’s Syndrome?
-immunosuppressive drugs
-steroids
-medications to stimulate tear/ saliva production
What type of arthritis affects joints in a more systematic manner?
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Articulation or Joint
meeting place of two or more bones
