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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Vocabulary > Flashcards

A&P Vocabulary Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

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3
Q

atom

A

the smallest part of an element’ indivisible by ordinary chemical means

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4
Q

cell

A

the basic biological unit of living organisms, containing a nucleus and a variety of organelles enclosed by a limiting membrane

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5
Q

tissue

A

a group of similar cells specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

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6
Q

organ

A

a part of the body formed of two or more tissues that performs a specialized function

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7
Q

organ system

A

a group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., nervous system

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8
Q

organism

A

an individual living thing

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9
Q

integumentary system

A

the skin and its accessory organs

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10
Q

skeletal system

A

system of protection and support composed primarily of bone and cartilage

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11
Q

muscular system

A

organ system consisting of skeletal muscles and their connective tissue attachments

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12
Q

nervous system

A

fast-acting control system that employs nerve impulses to trigger muscle contraction or gland secretion

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13
Q

endocrine system

A

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

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14
Q

cardiovascular system

A

organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body

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15
Q

lymphatic system

A

a system of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs and tissues

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16
Q

respiratory system

A

organ system that carries out gas exchange; includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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17
Q

digestive system

A

system that process food into absorb-able units and eliminates indigestible wastes

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18
Q

urinary system

A

system primarily responsible for water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance and the removal of nitrogenous wastes from the blood

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19
Q

reproductive system

A

organ system that functions to produce offspring

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20
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

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21
Q

CAT

A

computerized axial tomography

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22
Q

DSR

A

dynamic spatial recontruction

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23
Q

DSA

A

digital subtraction angiography

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24
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography

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25
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

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26
Q

MRS

A

magnetic resonance spectroscopy

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27
Q

What does this highly organized human body do?

A

maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, take in and digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce themselves, and grow.

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28
Q

movement

A

all the activities promoted by the muscular system

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29
Q

responsiveness (irritability)

A

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them; see also irritability

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30
Q

irritability

A

ability to respond to a stimulus

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31
Q

digestion

A

the bodily process of breaking down foods chemically and mechanically

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32
Q

metabolism

A

the sum total of the chemical reactions that occur in the body

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33
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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34
Q

excretion

A

the elimination of waste products from the body

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35
Q

excreta

A

wastes

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36
Q

reproduction

A

production of offspring

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37
Q

growth

A

increase in size, usually accomplished by an increase in the number of cells

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38
Q

survival needs

A

nutrients (food), oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

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39
Q

nutrients

A

taken in through food, contain the chemicals used for energy and cell building

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40
Q

oxygen

A

required by chemical reaction to release energy from food

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41
Q

water

A

accounts for 60-80% of body weight. provides the fluid base for body secretions and excretions

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42
Q

body temperature

A

must be maintained at around 37C (98F)

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43
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air. Breathing and the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure

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44
Q

homeostasis

A

a state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body

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45
Q

receptor

A

(1) a peripheral nerve ending specialized for response to particular types of stimuli; (2) molecule that binds specifically with another molecule, e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters.

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46
Q

control center

A

determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action

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47
Q

afferent pathway

A

information approaches the control center

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48
Q

effector

A

an organ, gland, or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings

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49
Q

efferent pathway

A

information exists the control center

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50
Q

negative feedback mechanisms

A

feedback that causes the stimulus to decline or end

51
Q

positive feedback mechanisms

A

feedback that tends to cause a variable to change in the same direction as the initial change; enhances the stimulus

52
Q

anatomical position

A

body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward

53
Q

abdominal

A

anterior body trunk inferior to ribs

54
Q

acromial

A

point of shoulder

55
Q

antebrachial

A

forearm

56
Q

antecubital

A

anterior surface of elbow

57
Q

axillary

A

armpit

58
Q

brachial

A

arm

59
Q

buccal

A

cheek area

60
Q

carpal

A

wrist

61
Q

cervical

A

neck region

62
Q

coxal

A

hip

63
Q

crural

A

leg

64
Q

deltoid

A

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

65
Q

digital

A

fingers, toes

66
Q

femoral

A

thigh

67
Q

fibular

A

lateral part of leg

68
Q

frontal

A

forehead

69
Q

inguinal

A

area where thigh meets body trunk; groin

70
Q

nasal

A

nose area

71
Q

oral

A

mouth

72
Q

orbital

A

eye area

73
Q

patellar

A

anterior knee

74
Q

pelvic

A

areas overlying the pelvis anteriorly

75
Q

pubic

A

genital region

76
Q

sternal

A

breastbone area

77
Q

tarsal

A

ankle region

78
Q

thoracic

A

chest

79
Q

umbilical

A

navel

80
Q

calcaneal

A

heel of foot

81
Q

cephalic

A

head

82
Q

femoral

A

thigh

83
Q

gluteal

A

buttock

84
Q

lumbar

A

area of back between ribs and hips

85
Q

occipital

A

posterior surface of head

86
Q

olecranal

A

posterior surface of elbow

87
Q

popliteal

A

posterior knee area

88
Q

sacral

A

area between hips

89
Q

scapular

A

shoulder blade region

90
Q

sural

A

the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf

91
Q

vertebral

A

area of spine

92
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the sole of the foot

93
Q

sagittal section

A

cut along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, diving the body into right and left parts

94
Q

frontal section

A

cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts (aka coronal section)

95
Q

transverse section

A

cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts (aka cross section)

96
Q

superior (cranial or cephalad)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above

97
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below

98
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of

99
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

toward or at the backside of the body; behind

100
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

101
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outerside of

102
Q

proximal

A

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

103
Q

distal

A

farther from the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

104
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface

105
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal

106
Q

dorsal

A

pertaining to the back; posterior

107
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the skull

108
Q

ventral

A

anterior or front

109
Q

thoracic

A

refers to the chest

110
Q

diaphragm

A

(1) any partition or wall separating one area from another; (2) a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

111
Q

mediastinum

A

the region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs

112
Q

pelvic girdle

A

incomplete bony basin formed by the two coxal bones that secures the lower limbs to the sacrum of the axial skeleton

113
Q

pelvis

A

a basin-shaped structure; lower portion of the skeleton of the body trunk

114
Q

umbilical region

A

the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

115
Q

epigastric region

A

located superior to the umbilical region

116
Q

hypogastric (pubic) region

A

inferior to the umbilical region

117
Q

right and left iliac (or inguinal) regions

A

lateral to the hypogatric region

118
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

lie lateral to the umbilical region

119
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs

120
Q

Oral and digestive cavities

A

The oral cavity, commonly called the mouth, contains the teeth and tongue. This cavity is part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs, which opens to the exterior at the anus.

121
Q

nasal cavity

A

located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways

122
Q

orbital cavities

A

orbits in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

123
Q

middle ear cavities

A

carved into the skull lie just medial to the eardrums. These cavities contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears.

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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