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A + P Exam 6 > A + P Urinary System > Flashcards

A + P Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

urinary system function

A

main: rid the body of nitrogenous products and other wastes

regulate the amount of water and ions present in the body fluids

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2
Q

kidneys function

A

main organ for removal of wastes and in osmotic regulation of the body fluids

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3
Q

nitrogenous wastes

  • AAs
  • AAs can be
A

AAs construct proteins and other nitrogen-containing molecules for use by certain cells in the body
AAs can be oxidized for energy or converted to fats or carbohydrates

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4
Q

when AAs are oxidized or converted to other kinds of molecules…

A 
the amino (NH2) group must be removed
the nitrogen containing compounds produced as a result of protein and AA breakdown are toxic and must be removed from the body
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5
Q

nitrogenous wastes are excreted in the form of

A

ammonia (NH3)
urea
uric acid

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6
Q

ammonia

A

formed immediately after the amino group is removed from an AA, often in the intestines during digestion
this process requires very little energy

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7
Q

urea

A

humans excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea because it is less toxic than NH3 and can be moderately concentrated to conserve H2O
urea is produced in the liver by a process that requires more energy than NH3 production, but it reduces the toxicity of the waste

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8
Q

uric acid

A

the end product of specific protein digestion
neither very toxic nor very soluble in water
high levels in the blood can lead to gouty arthritis or the formation of kidney stones
uric acid is excreted along with urea

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9
Q

urinary system anatomy

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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10
Q

kidney function

A

primary filtration organs

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11
Q

kidney structure

A 
cortex
medulla
calyx
renal pelvis
nephrons
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12
Q

cortex

A

outer portion

where blood is filtered via the glomeruli

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13
Q

medulla

  • divided into
  • what happens there?
A

inner portion
divided into several pyramids/lobes
this is where the amount of Na+ and H2O in your urine is regulated (e.g. how concentrated the urine will be) via the loops of Henle

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14
Q

calyx

  • function
  • drains to
A

urine repository from each medullar pyramid

each calyx drains into the renal pelvis

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15
Q

renal pelvis

-function

A

central urine repository within the kidney before excretion through the ureter

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16
Q

nephrons

A

microscopic (about 1 million/kidney), partially housed in both the cortex and medulla

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17
Q

nephron composition

A 
glomerulus
Bowman's Cpasule
proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Loop of Henle
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
collecting duct
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18
Q

glomerulus

  • function
  • fluid composition
  • what stays in the blood vessels
  • where are they housed?
A

network of capillaries from which fluid “leaks” out of the circulatory system (ultra filtration)
the fluid (ultra filtrate) is mostly water, urea, salts, minerals, and nutrients
RBC, WBC, and platelets stay in the blood vessels
the glomeruli are housed within the cortex of the kidney

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19
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

  • visual
  • function
  • location
A

a funnel-like structure that surrounds and collects ultra filtrate from the glomerulus
housed within the cortex of the kidney

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20
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

  • function
  • location
A

reabsorbs water and nutrients, such as glucose and AAs, that leaked out of the glomerulus
housed within the cortex of the kidney

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21
Q

Loop of Henle

  • location
  • includes
  • as ultra filtrate…
  • function of structure
A

extends from PCT in cortex into medulla
-includes a hairpin bend, which creates a concentration gradient for Na+ in the medulla
as ultra filtrate passed down the loop into a salty medulla, H2O is lost to the medulla and recollected in peritubular capillaries
as ultra filtrate moves back up the loop it loses Na+
the entire structure is designed to concentrate the urine for excretion

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22
Q

distal convoluted tubule

  • function
  • location
A

passes by glomerulus and is responsible for mineral balance (save Na+ at expense of K+ or vice versa, and sometimes expel extra H+ here)
housed within the cortex of the kidney

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23
Q

collecting duct

  • location
  • function
A

extends from cortex through medulla into calyx

delivers urine to the renal pelvis

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24
Q

blood flow through the kidney

  • enters through
  • blood contains
A

blood enters the kidney through a branch of the aorta called the renal artery
-blood contains glucose and O2 (because the kidney works hard to produce urine) and urea (which must be removed from the blood

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25
Q

blood in the renal artery

  • must have
  • may have
  • kidney removes
A

must have sufficient pressure or the kidney will not be able to filter the blood
blood may have too much Na+ or too much H2O
kidney removes whichever is in excess to maintain adequate blood volume and ion balance

26
Q

renal artery branches

A

branches into interlobular arteries, which further divide into afferent arterioles

27
Q

afferent arteriole

  • leads to
  • fluid leaks
A

leads to a network of capillaries called a glomerulus
fluid leaks out of the capillaries of the glomerulus, but large molecules and cells do not fit through the pores (ultra filtration)

28
Q

blood leaves the capillaries of the glomerulus via

A

efferent arteriole

29
Q

blood from efferent arterioles enter

A

peritubular capillaries

30
Q

peritubular capillaries

-function

A

collect much of the water that was lost through the glomerulus

31
Q

interlobular veins

  • from
  • lead to
A

from the peritubular capillaries

lead to a renal vein, which exits the kidney and returns blood to the inferior vena cava

32
Q

renal vein

-blood has

A

had all of its urea removed and should have exactly the right amount of H2O and Na+

33
Q

ureters

-function

A

pathways for urine that extend from each renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

34
Q

urinary bladder

-function

A

“holding tank” for urine awaiting excretion

35
Q

urethra

A

pathway for external urine excretion

36
Q

urine production (diuresis)

  • glomerulus
  • -blood enters
  • -blood leaves
  • -ultra filtrate
A

blood enters the glomerulus via an afferent arteriole where blood pressure forces H2O and small molecules (ultra filtrate), such as urea out through the pores in the glomerular capillaries into the surrouding Bowman’s capsule
blood leaves the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole
ultra filtrate collects in Bowman’s capsule and drains into the PCT - this is the foundation of what will become urine

37
Q

Glomerular Filtration Rate

A

volume of fluid filtered from the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule per unit time
calculating GFR is important for assessment of the excretory function of the kidneys

38
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

-cells have

A

cells have numerous microvilli and mitochondria, which provide surface area for reabsorption and energy

39
Q

PCT

-selective reabsorption

A

occurs from the PCT
water, glucose, vitamins, important ions and most AAS are reabsorbed from the PCT back into adjacent peritubular capillaries via active transport

40
Q

a substance is no longer absorbed by the PCT when…

  • what happens to it?
  • reason
  • helps regulate
A

the concentration in the blood reaches a certain level
-remains in the urine
prevents the composition of the blood from fluctuating
-process helps regulate the levels of glucose and inorganic ions such as Na+, K+, HCO3-, PO43-, and Cl-

41
Q

Loop of Henle

due to…

A

concentration gradients established in the medulla, the Loop of Henle is able to conserve H2O and further concentrate urine

42
Q

Descending Loop

  • has low…
  • consequently
  • removal of Na+
A

has low permeability for ions and urea, but high permeability for H2O
consequently, H2O moves out of the descending loop as it passes through the area of high Na+ concentration produced by the ascending loop
this removal of Na+ concentrates the urine while conserving H2O for the body

43
Q

Ascending Loop

  • has low
  • Na+
  • -results
  • removal of H2O
A

has low permeability for H2O and ions, but high permeability for Na+
Na+ is actively pumped out in the ascending loop and H2O cannot re-enter
-results in a higher concentration of Na+ in the medulla, which supports H2O removal in the descending loop
this removal of H2O further concentrates the urine

44
Q

countercurrent multiplier

  • high Na+
  • movement of Na+
  • H2O loss
  • urea
A

high Na+ in the medulla acts to help remove H2O in the descending loop
-called counter current multiplier
movement of Na+ out of the ascending loop and into the medulla results in H2O loss and concentrated urine in the descending loop
H2O loss and increased Na+ concentration that occurs in the descending loop further enhances the ability of the ascending loop to pump more Na+ out into the medulla
urea remains concentrated in the fluid for excretion

45
Q

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

  • functions
  • what is secreted
A

most of the minerals and salts from the ultra filtrate are reabsorbed
some wastes are actively secreted into the urine
-include H+, K+, toxic and foreign substances (drugs, penicillin, uric acid, creatine, creatinine)

46
Q

collecting duct

  • what drains into it
  • what do they do
A

DCT from several nephrons drain into a common collecting duct
collecting ducts pass through the concentration gradient that was established by the Loops of Henle
-as fluid passes through the collecting ducts, additional H2O leaves the collecting duct due to osmosis, which is the final step in the conservation of H2O and concentration of urine

47
Q

urination (micturition)

  • bladder filling
  • cerebral cortex
  • decision to urinate
  • immersiton duresis
A

as the bladder fills with urine, mechanoreceptors send APs to the spinal cord (via the pelvic nerves) and then to the pons and cerebrum of the brain
cerebral cortex can override the urge to urinate, although this is a learned voluntary response
when the decision to urinate occurs, the pons initiates motor nerve impulses that cause the bladder to contract and the internal and external sphincters of the urethra to open
theory that you can induce urination through the immersion of the hand in water

48
Q

regulation of blood pH

A

breathing

kidneys

49
Q

breathing

  • adjustment
  • rapid breathing
  • slow breathing
A

adjustment of the breathing rate can make quick, but slight, alterations in the pH of the blood by reducing the amount of CO2 in the blood

  • rapid breathing results in more CO2 given off during ventilation, which moves the equation below to the left and increases the blood pH
  • slow breathing results in less CO2 given off during ventilation and the equation moves to the right, which decreases the pH
50
Q

breathing equation

A

CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

51
Q

kidneys

  • kidneys
  • blood pH is low
  • blood pH is high
A

the kidneys provide a slower, but more powerful means of regulate pH
-excrete or absorb hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions as necessary for adjusting pH (happens at the DCT)
when blood pH is low, H+ is excreted into the DCT and HCO3- from the ultra filtrate/urine is reabsorbed into the blood
when the pH is too high, less H+ is excreted into the DCT and less Na+ and HCO3- are reabsorbed into the blood

52
Q

hormones of the urinary system

A

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH)

53
Q

Andi-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

  • function
  • osmotic pressure of blood increases
  • osmotic pressure of blood decreases
A

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts

  • if the osmotic pressure of blood increases (too much Na+, not enough H2O), the hypothalamus stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to release ADH and the permeability of the collecting ducts will increase, which facilitates removal of H2O from the urine and absorption into the blood
  • if the osmotic pressure of blood decreases, the posterior pituitary does not release ADH, the permeability of the collecting duct remains low, and additional H2O is excreted in urine
54
Q

ADH

-alcohol and diuretic drugs

A

alcohol and diruetic drugs inhibit the secretion of ADH and thus increase H2O loss (and consequently lower blood pressure)

55
Q

aldosterone

  • function
  • low osmotic pressure
  • increased osmotic pressure
A

acts primarily on the DCT to promote Na+ absorption into the blood to regulate blood volume and blood pressure

  • when osmotic pressure is low, the afferent arteriole cells secrete renin
  • renin initiates a series of chemical reactions that ultimately stimulate the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
  • increased osmotic pressure associated with increased Na+ contributes to the reabsorption of H2O from the DCT into the blood, which increases blood volume and blood pressure
  • in the absence of aldosterone, more Na+ is excreted and less H2O is reabsorbed from the DCT, which decreases blood volume and lowers blood pressure
56
Q

Atrial Natruiretec Hormone (ANH)

  • function
  • loss of H2O
  • presence of too much blood
A

inhibits the release of aldosterone and ADH, which causes the kidneys to excrete excess H2O

  • loss of H2O and Na+ contribute to lowered blood volume and blood pressure
  • presence of too much blood in the circulatory system stimulates the atria in the heart to secrete ANH
57
Q

homeostatic imbalance of the urinary system

A 
kidney stones
urinary incontinence
urinary tract infection (UTI)
nephrotic syndrome
chronic kidney disease (CKD)
58
Q

kidney stones

A

renal calculus
sometimes the salts and minerals (typically calcium and phosphate) in the urine crystallize in the pelvis and form a solid mass or “pebble” (usually less than 5 mm in diameter), which prevents urine from draining out of the pelvis into the ureter
-can be passed (1-4 weeks) or surgically removed (10-20% of stones) for analysis of the stone composition

59
Q

urinary incontinence

A

any involuntary leakage of urine, which usually can be attributed to underlying medical conditions, such as

  • uncontolled diabetes
  • enlarged prostate
  • multiple sclerosis
  • Parkinson’s disease
60
Q

urinary tract infection (UNI)

A

common bacterial infection that affects part of the urinary tract
consequently, there may be pain during urination and either frequent urination or urges to urinate (or both)

61
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

group of symptoms that include protein in the urine, low blood protein levels, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and swelling
syndrome is caused by different disorders that damage the kidneys, including glomerulonephritis, diabetes, cancer, immune disorders, various infections, and use of certain drugs

62
Q

chronic kidney disease (CKD)

A

the slow loss of kidney function over time
symptoms are often absent until kidney function is severely reduced
the final stage of CKD is know as end-stage renal disease (ESRD), at which point the kidneys are no longer able to remove enough wastes and excess fluids from the body
many causes of CKD, but the two most common are diabetes and high blood pressure

A + P Exam 6 (5 decks)

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