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A + P Exam 6 > A + P Endocrine System > Flashcards

A + P Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system main purpose

A

release hormones that regulate the body’s activities

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2
Q

hormones…

A

bind with specific receptors on target cells/organs to produce a specific response

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3
Q

endocrine system works with…

A

the nervous system to coordinate these activities

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4
Q

endocrine and nervous systems and different in 2 ways

A 
chemical messengers
-endocrine system uses hormones
-nervous system uses neurotransmitters
messenger transport
-endocrine system uses circulatory system
-nervous system uses nerves
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5
Q

hormone types

A

amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
lipid derivatives

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6
Q

amino acid derivatives

  • related to
  • bind to
  • binding results in
  • examples
A

small molecules that are structurally related to AAs
bind to receptors on cell surface - do not enter the cell
binding results in a cascade of events that produce a response inside the cell
examples: Tri-iodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4), epinephrine, norepinephrine

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7
Q

peptide hormones

  • composed of
  • bind to
  • binding results
  • examples
A

composed of small chains of AAs
bind to receptors on cell surface - do not enter the cell
binding results in a cascade of events that produce a response inside the cell
examples include: ADH, GH, prolactin, oxytocin, MSH, TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, calcitonin, PTH, insulin glucagon, thymosin

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8
Q

lipid derivatives

-types

A

eicosanoids

steroid hormones

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9
Q

eicosanoids

A

derived from arachidonic acid, a 20-C fatty acid

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10
Q

steroid hormones

A

derived from cholesterol

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11
Q

both eicosanoids and steroid hormones…

A

bind to receptors inside the cell
hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus, binds with chromatin, and activates specific genes (DNA) to manufacture specific proteins
examples include: androgens, estrogens, cortisol, and aldosterone

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12
Q

endocrine organization/glands

A 
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
gonads
pancreas
thymus gland
pineal gland
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13
Q

hypothalamus

  • controls
  • helps
A

controls emotions, autonomic functions, and the pituitary gland
helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating the internal environment (heart rate, body temp., H2O balance, and pituitary secretions)

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14
Q

pitiuitary gland

-divided into

A

posterior lobe

anterior lobe

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15
Q

posterior lobe

  • synthesized
  • hormones
A

hormones synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus
hormones
-oxytocin
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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16
Q

oxytocin

-functions

A

stimulates the uterine contractions of labor needed to move the child through the birth canal
stimulates release of milk from the mammary glands

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17
Q

antidiuretic hormone

-functions

A

increases the permeability of the DCT and collecting duct in the kidney nephron, which conserves H2O and concentrates urine

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18
Q

anterior lobe

  • how many hormones
  • -how do they work
A

produces its own hormones, although production of these is stimulated by specific hypothalamic-releasing hormones
three hormones released affect the body
the other three regulate other glands

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19
Q

anterior pituitary gland hormones

A

-growth hormone (GH)
-prolactin
-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH)

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20
Q

growth hormone

A

stimulates body cells to grow

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21
Q

acromegaly and gigantism

A

genetic metabolic disorders where too much GH is secreted over time and the body tissues gradually enlarge

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22
Q

prolactin

A

stimulates the development of mammary glands and production of milk
involved with fat and carbohydrate metabolism

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23
Q

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

A

stimulates the melanocytes to synthesize melanin

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24
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxin

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25
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol

26
Q

gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH)

A

stimulate the ovaries and testes to produce sex hormones and control gamete production

27
Q

thyroid gland

  • size
  • location
A

one of the largest endocrine glands in the body

surrounds the anterior portion of the trachea, just inferior to the larynx

28
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4)

Calcitonin

29
Q

Tri-iodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4)

  • in response
  • functions
A

in response to TSH from the anterior pituitary, both of these hormones are produces
collectively, they influence meatbolic rate, cell growth, and development

30
Q

Calcitonin

A

stimulates Ca2+ deposition in bones
calcitonin production is not regulated by the anterior pituitary
-secretion stimulated by increased Ca2+ levels in the blood

31
Q

iodine

A

needed to manufacture thyroid hormones
deficiency prevents synthesis of thyroid hormones, which results in an excess of TSH production by the anterior pit.
a goiter may result due to constant stimulation of the thyroid and possibly other conditions associated with hyperthroidism

32
Q

hypothyroidism

  • occurs when
  • results in
  • -adults
  • -infants
A

occurs when the thyroids produce too little T3, T4, and/or calcitonin
in adults, it results in lethargy and weight gain
in infants, it causes cretinism: combo of dwarfism, mentral retardation, lack of sexual maturity

33
Q

parathyroid gland

A

4 small glands embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

34
Q

parathyroid gland hormone

A

parathyroid hormone

35
Q

parathyroid hormone

  • function
  • secretion stimulated by
A

increases Ca2+ levels in the blood by
-increasing the reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidney
-activating Vitamin D to enhance Ca2+ absorption in the small intestine
secretion stimulated by decreased Ca2+ levels in the blood

36
Q

adrenal cortex

  • location
  • three kinds of steroid hormones
A 
the outer layer of the adrenal glands
produces three kinds of steroid hormones
-glucocorticoids
-mineralocorticoids
-sex hormones (small amounts)
37
Q

adrenal cortex hormones

A

cortisol

aldosterone

38
Q

cortisol

  • in response to
  • functions
A

in response to ACTH from the anterior pit., cortisol stimulates the liver to produce glucose from AAs and lipids to increase blood glucose levels
reduces swelling by inhibiting the effects of the immune system

39
Q

aldosterone

  • functions
  • secretion stimulated by
A

stimulates the kidneys to absorb Na+ and excrete K+ to ultimately retain H2O, which increases blood volume and pressure
secretion stimulated by renin released by the kidneys

40
Q

adrenal medulla

  • location
  • composed of
  • innervated by
A

the inner layer of the adrenal glands in the adrenal cortex
-composed of modified neurons that produce “stress” hormones
innervated by sympathetic nerves and as such is not stimulated by pituitary hormones - stimulated by the SNS

41
Q

adrenal medulla hormones

A

norepinephrine

epinephrine

42
Q

norepinephrine

-functions

A

stimulates the heart to beat faster (helps increase cardiac output)
dilates the bronchioles (helps increase ventilation)
causes widespread vasoconstriction (to shunt blood away from “non-working” tissues and stimulate the liver to release glucose

43
Q

epinephrine

A

works the same as norepinephrine

44
Q

gonads

-comprised of

A

testes (males) and ovaries (females)

45
Q

LH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the gonads to produce

A

androgens

estrogen and progesterone

46
Q

androgen

-functions

A

develop male secondary sex characteristics, such as deepening of the voice (enlarged larynx), facial hair growth, and muscle development

47
Q

notable androgen

A

testosterone

48
Q

estrogen and progesterone

-function

A

develop female secondary sex characteristics, such as breast tissue development, broadening of the pelvis, and uterine enlargment

49
Q

FSH from the anterior pit. stimulates the gonads to produce

A

sperm in the testes

eggs in the ovaries

50
Q

goiter (thryoid gland)

A

unusual swelling of the neck

51
Q

pancreas

A

digestive gland that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum, but also produces specific hormones for the endocrine system

52
Q

pancreas hormones

A

insulin

glucagon

53
Q

insulin

-functions

A

stimulates glucose uptake by the muscles and liver to reduce blood glucose levels
promotes fat and protein synthesis/storage

54
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

disease in which glucose is not sufficiently metabolized due to low/no insulin production (Type I) or insulin insensitivity (Type II)

55
Q

glucagon

A

stimulates glucose release from the liver to raise blood glucose levels

56
Q

thymus gland

-location

A

specialized organ of the immune system located in front of/superior to the heart

57
Q

thymus gland hormones

A

thymosins

58
Q

thymosins

  • stimulate
  • -function of what is stimulated
A

stimulate the development and differentiation of T-lymphocytes (T cells), which primarily identify and destroy infected body cells

59
Q

pineal gland

A

specialized structure within the diencephalon, located inferior to the posterior portion of the thalamus

60
Q

pineal gland hormone

A

melatonin

61
Q

melatonin

A

darkness (lack of light) perceived via the optic nerves stimulates the production of melatonin, which induces drowsiness and sleep
-light reduces or inhibits the production of melatonin

62
Q

melatonin supplementation/medication

A

often used to treat individuals who have difficulty sleeping

A + P Exam 6 (5 decks)

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