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Endoscopy > A & P Terms > Flashcards

A & P Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Nasal Cavity - Bones

A
  • nasal
  • maxilla
  • septal cartilage
  • vomer
  • palatine
  • lacrimal
  • ethmoid
    Nerdy Medical Students are often Very PaLE)
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2
Q

Nasal Cavity - Apertures

A
  • nares
  • nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior)
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3
Q

Nasal Cavity - Channels

A
  • inferior nasal meatus
  • middle nasal meatus
  • superior nasal meatus
  • sphenoethmoidal recess
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4
Q

What are nares?

O

A

Openings to the nasal cavity

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5
Q

What forms the floor of the nose?

A

Formed by the horizontal plate palatine bone and the palatine process of the maxilla anteriorly

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6
Q

Inferior Nasal Turbinate

A
  • Largest and located lowest in the nose
  • The mucus covered bones (conchae – just bone)
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7
Q

What separates the left and right nostril?

A

The septum - mucosa-covered bony and cartilaginous structure

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8
Q

Torus Tubarius

A
  • Cushion ( elevation of muscous membrane}
  • Base of the auditory meatus
  • Behind pharyngeal orifice of eustachian tube
  • Opening of Eustachian tube
  • an elevation of the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx formed by the underlying base of the cartilaginous portion of the Eustachian tube (auditory tube). The torus tubarius is situated behind the pharyngeal orifice of the auditory tube.
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9
Q

Choanae

A
  • paired openings that connect the nasal cavity with the nasopharynx
  • Posterior part of naso pharynx
  • Space that is posterior to the meatus
  • The choanae (the posterior part of the septum) is separated by the vomer bone
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10
Q

Nasopharynx

A
  • the uppermost region of the pharynx located directly behind the posterior nasal apertures (choanae) and superior to the level of the soft palate.
  • Its roof and posterior wall are formed by mucosa overlying the base of the skull
  • serves as the posterior extension of the nasal cavity and permits free passage between it and the nasal cavities.
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11
Q

Adenoid Pad

A

a patch of tissue that sits at the very back of the nasal passage

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12
Q

Posterior Pharyngeal Wall

A
  • The back wall of the swallowing passage.
  • The upper part of the posterior pharyngeal wall can be seen when one looks through an opened mouth
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13
Q

Lateral Pharyngeal Wall

A
  • palatoglossus muscle (PGM), the palatopharyngeal muscle (PPM), the superior pharyngeal constrictor (SPC)
  • the medial movement of the lateral pharyngeal wall results from the contraction of the levator
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14
Q

Oral Cavity - Buccal Cavity

A
  • refers to the cavity or space that begins at the lips and ends at the back of the throat
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15
Q

Oropharyngeal Isthmus

A

the opening at the back of the mouth into the throat. It is a narrow passage between the velum and the base of the tongue.

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16
Q

Anterior Faucial Arch or Pillars

A
  • The right and left palatoglossus muscles create ridges in the lateral pharyngeal wall, referred to as the palatoglossal arches (anterior faucial pillars).
  • These pillars separate the oral cavity and the oropharynx — the muscle functions as an antagonist to the levator veli palatini muscle.
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17
Q

Posterior Faucial Arch or Pillars

A
  • formed by the palatopharyngeal muscle. It originates from the posterolateral part of the soft palate and runs downward and laterally to insert into the pharyngeal constrictor muscle and the thyroid cartilage of the larynx.
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18
Q

Tonsillar Fossa

A
  • a triangular space between the anterior pillar in front, the posterior pillar behind, and the dorsal surface of the posterior one third of the tongue inferiorly
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19
Q

Palatine Tonsils

A
  • bundles of lymphatic tissue located in the lateral oropharynx. They sit in the isthmus of the fauces, bordered anteriorly by the palatoglossal arch and posteriorly by the palatopharyngeal arch
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20
Q

Dorsal and ventral tongue surfaces

A
  • Dorsal surface: this is the top of the tongue, which is closest to the roof of the mouth. Ventral surface: this is the undersurface of the tongue, which is connected to and closest to the floor of the mouth.
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21
Q

Oropharynx

A
  • The oropharynx includes the soft palate (the back muscular part of the roof of the mouth), the side and back walls of the throat, the tonsils, and the back one-third of the tongue.
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22
Q

Location of larynx

A
  • Your larynx is in the middle of your neck, just above your trachea (windpipe) and your esophagus.
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23
Q

Biological Functions of the larynx

A
  • protecting the airway from obstruction.
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24
Q

non-biological function of the larynx

A
  • voice production
25
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx are innervated by?

A
  • All the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except the cricothyroid) are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve – the terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, itself a branch of the vagus nerve.
26
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - adductors

A

lateral cricoarytenoid muscle
* a bilateral muscle attaching between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages of the larynx
transverse arytenoid muscle
* It is found just superior to the cricoid cartilage, covering the posterior aspect of the arytenoid cartilages.

27
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - abductors

A

posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
* a paired muscle
* it has a role in adjusting the length and tension of the vocal cords by which it modulates the process of phonation.
* the only muscle of the larynx that abducts the vocal cords and therefore opens the glottis
* originates from the posterior surface of the lamina of the cricoid cartilage.
* Inserts into the Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage

28
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - VF Sphincters

A

transverse arytenoid muscle
* unpaired muscle
* superior to the cricoid cartilage, covering the posterior aspect of the arytenoid cartilages
* Insets into lateral border and muscular process of opposite arytenoid cartilage
* two main functions; closing (adducting) the vocal cords and closing the glottis
oblique arytenoid muscle
* paired muscle
* Adducts arytenoid cartilages and acts as a sphincter of the laryngeal inlet (assisting in airway protection)
* When the oblique arytenoid acts together with other vocal fold adductors (transverse arytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, thyroarytenoid) and vocal fold tensors (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, vocalis
aryepiglottic muscle
* together with the transverse arytenoid and the thyroarytenoid work as a sphincter and close the larynx as we swallow or cough

29
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - tensors

A

cricothyroid muscle
* is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve – again derived from the vagus nerve
* Its action tilts the thyroid forward to help tense the vocal cords.

30
Q

Intrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - Muscles that relax vocal cords

A

thyroarytenoid muscle
* paired muscle
* Draws arytenoid cartilages anteriorly, Relaxes vocal ligament (for low pitch sound)
* Thyroarytenoid, cricothyroid and vocalis muscles work as a group to regulate the length and tension of the vocal folds
* Originates in the angle of thyroid cartilage and adjacent cricothyroid ligament and inserts into the anterolateral surface of arytenoid cartilage
vocalis muscle
* paired muscle
* sits parallel to the vocal ligament
o Together with the vocal ligament, this muscle is the main component of the vocal cords or vocal folds.
* Tenses anterior part and relaxes posterior part of vocal ligament

31
Q

Hyoid Bone

A
  • A small U-shaped (horseshoe-shaped) solitary bone, situated in the midline of the neck anteriorly at the base of the mandible and posteriorly at the fourth cervical vertebra. Its anatomical position is just superior to the thyroid cartilage.
32
Q

Hyoid Bone 3 main ligaments

A

3 main ligaments
* Stylohyoid ligament – extends from the styloid process of the temporal bone to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone.
* Thyrohyoid membrane – originates from the superior border of the thyroid cartilage and attaches to the posterior surface of the hyoid bone and the greater horns.
* Hyoepiglottic ligament – connects the hyoid bone to the anterior aspect of the epiglottis.

33
Q

Hyoid bone Muscular attachments

A

Oral cavity and pharynx
* Middle pharyngeal constrictor
* Hyoglossus
* Genioglossus
Suprahyoid
* Digastric
* Stylohyoid
* Geniohyoid
* Mylohyoid
Infrahyoid
* Thyrohyoid
* Omohyoid
* Sternohyoid

34
Q

Thyroid Bone

A
  • located between the hyoid bone and cricoid cartilage
  • forms the anterior wall of the larynx and protect the structures located posterior to it, mainly the muscles of the larynx and vocal cords.
  • participates in the modulation of voice (changing the pitch) through the movements at the cricothyroid joint.
35
Q

Vallecular space

A
  • The epiglottic vallecula consists of a small mucosa-lined depression (vallecula) located at the base of the tongue just between the folds of the throat on either side of the median glossoepiglottic fold. The function of the “depression” is to serve as a trap for saliva and occasionally food.
36
Q

Lateral Channels

A
  • The piriform sinus can be found just lateral to the aryepiglottic folds, which form the medial border of these sinuses. This is sometimes referred to as the lateral food channel.
37
Q

Vestibule/Aditus

A
  • The portion of the cavity of the larynx above the vocal folds.
38
Q

Ventricle

A
  • the fossa or sinus that lies between the vocal and vestibular folds on either side
39
Q

Glottis

A
  • the portion of the larynx containing the vocal cords and the glottic opening.
40
Q

Interarytenoid space

A
  • located between the arytenoid cartilages in the midline at the back of the glottis.
41
Q

Anterior Commissure

A
  • an area of the glottis anteriorly situated between the two vocal folds inserting to the thyroid cartilage (TC).
42
Q

Posterior Commissure

A
  • The flat, front-facing surface of the glottic aperture that lies between the vocal cord posterior ends.
43
Q

Sub-glottic

A
  • the lower portion of the larynx, extending from just beneath the vocal cords down to the top of the trachea.
44
Q

Vocal ligament

A
  • The vocal ligament, and its covering mucosa, forms the free edge of the vocal folds.
  • extends across the laryngeal cavity from the thyroid cartilage (anteriorly) to the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages (posteriorly).
45
Q

Cricotracheal ligament

A

attaches the cricoid cartilage to the first tracheal ring

46
Q

Conus Elasticus membrane

A

a membrane that lies under the mucous membrane connecting the cricoid cartilage with the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages.

*attaches to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages posteriorly.

47
Q

Quadrangular Membrane

A
  • A thin layer of connective tissue, the quadrangular membrane extends between the lateral borders of the epiglottis and the anterolateral margins of the arytenoid cartilage.
48
Q

Superficial layer of the lamina propria

A

the superficial layer of the lamina propria is a narrow band of collagen fibers immediately below the basement membrane of the epithelium.

49
Q

intermediate layer of the lamina propria

A

The intermediate layer of the lamina propria contains primarily elastic fibers and a moderate number of fibroblasts.

50
Q

Deep layer of the lamina propria

A

the most densely organized band of collagen fibers penetrating the superficial muscle bundles of the vocal muscle.

51
Q

Vocalis muscle (superior to the Thyroarytenoid muscle)

A

Together with the vocal ligament, this muscle is the main component of the vocal cords

52
Q

aryepiglottic folds

A
  • The lateral margins of the epiglottis are connected with the arytenoid cartilages of the larynx via the aryepiglottic folds.
53
Q

False Vocal Folds

A

are located above the true vocal folds and separated from them by the laryngeal ventricle

54
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - infrahyoid

A

sternohyoid
omohyoid
sternothyroid
thyrohyoid

55
Q

Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx - suprahyoid

A

stylohyoid
digastric
mylohyoid
geniohyoid

56
Q

True VF

A
  • structure consisting of the vocal ligament, the vocalis muscle and a mucous membrane covering.
57
Q

Phayrngeal Branch of the Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A
  • Primary motor nerve of the pharynx
  • Enters the pharynx at the upper border of the middle constrictor
  • Supplies all the muscles of the pharynx and soft palate except for the stylopharyngeous and the tensor palatin
58
Q

Superior Laryngeal Nerve of the Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A
  • Enters into the middle contrictor where it devides into the internal and external laryngeal nerves.
  • Internal Branch
    - Sensory nerve
    - Inserts into the thyrohyoid membrane to supply the mucous membrane of the pharynx, valleculae, epliglottis and the posterior most part of the tongue, and the mucousa of the larynx above the vocal folds.
  • External Branch
    • Motor nerve
    • Runs downward to supply the cricothyroid muscles and part of the inferior constrictor
59
Q

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of the Vagus Nerve (CN X)

A
  • Mixed Nerve
  • Both nerves enters the laryngeal cavity supplies motor inervation to all intrinsic muscles of the larynx except for the cricothyroid
  • sensory innervation to the mucous membranes below the vocal folds.
  • Right Nerve
    - Loops under the right subclavian artery
  • Left Nerve
    - Loops under the aeriotic arch

Endoscopy (3 decks)

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