A P P R O A C H E SS Flashcards
Humanistic approach:
Untestable and subjective concepts:Lacks of empirical evidence and no possibility of systematically observing and measuring the processes which it described.For example it included a number of vague concepts for example self actualisation, autonomy and conference this concepts would be difficult to assess under experimental conditions.Self actualisation cannot be objectively measured due to individual differences and a lack of universal measuring scale as-well as congruence as it may be a personal judgement.This is little to improve the scientific credibility of both humanism and psychology.challenging to test for validity
Humanistic approach:
Suffers from cultural bias:For example many of the features that are central to the humanistic psychological such as Indian creed,autonomy,self actualisation and personal growth would be more associated with individualist cultures in the western world for example the USA AND IK.However in collectivist cultures such as India and Japan they emphasised the needs to the groups and society and interdependence.People in these cultures may not identify as easy with I the ideas and values of the humanistic psychology.Therefore it is possible that this approach will not travel well in society and only in the culture it was developed in .Implies collectivist cultures are less capable of achieving self actualisation and individualist culture are more superior.
Humanistic approach:
Positive approach:humanist approach has been praised for bringing a person back into psychology and promoting a positive imagine of the human condition.Freud saw human beings as slaves to their past and claimed all of us existed somewhere between common unhappiness and absolute disparate.Humanistic psychology offers a refreshing and optimistic alternative.It has face validity as we all have subjective experience.As it sees all people as basically good and free to work towards silver of their position and in control of their own lives.
Humanistic approach:
Has practical implication:for example client centres therapy is used in individualist cultures and markdowns hirchy of needs has been widely applied.It has improved the performance in sports, enhanced employee satisfaction and motivation in the business work as well as created a better learning environment for students in education.This contrasts with Freud psychotherapies which tend to dwell on child hood experiences.More of a holistic approach,more of a referring alternative
Origins of psychology : STRENGTH
For his first time Wundts work was highly scientific due to the fact it was a lab experiment with resulted to it being controlled.The large sample sizes,transparent methods he used and standardised procedure.This systematic approach allowed him to develop general theory of mental processes and enabled other researchers to replicate his findings.His emphasis on scientific methodology was a significant inspiration for other psychologists including behaviourist using controlled methods.
Origins of psychology : LIMITATION
Compared to modern psychological techniques wundts introspective methods are considered subjective and are not classified as scientifically true.participants cannot be realised on to accuracy report their mental states as self reports may be biased,mistaken or influenced demand characteristics where they provide results they think the researcher wants.However introspection remained relevant for studying unobservable mental processes such as emotional states and is also used in a various forms of therapy.
Origins of psychology:LIMITATION
Wundts use of interferences to identify internal mental processes can be criticised:This is because inferences are assumptions,guesses do they could be mistaken.Behaviourst rejected the study of internal mental processes seeing the mind as a black box and only can be studied using fully observable stimulus response mechanism because these findings are more reliable and behaviourism is seen as an approach more in line with scientific principle
Origins of psychology:STRENGTH
Wundt was one of the first to argue that behaviours are determined so they have a cause that can be studied objectively.Historical explanations of mental disorders and criminality often had a religious perspective using ideas of sin or demonic influences.Following Wundt other researchers used scientifically deterministic arguments leading to effective biological treatments in mental health and forensic psychologist have developed intervention for criminal behaviour.
Origins of psychology:STRENGTH
Wundts use of interference influenced cognitive psychologist and these researcher ask partners to complete a task under experimental conditions and the partisans ability to complete these task is then used to make inferences about the structure of internal mental processes like memory, precision and attention.
Cognitive approach:STRENGTH
The cognitive approach is considered as a scientific approach due to the use of highly controlled experiments.For example many of the studies supporting the models of memory were conducted in a lab setting with a large sample sizes and use of standardised materials.This means that many of the claims that cognitive psychologist make are backed up by evidence with high internal validity.
COUNTER:
However the highly controlled research methods can be artificial.For example memory studies often invoked participants recalling a sequences of long digits or random words ,these are task that don’t mirror daily memory use.While these studies reveal how memory and other cognitive process function in controlled settings their findings lack internal validity and are not able to be generalised to everyday cognitive task and real life memory usage.
Cognitive approach:STRENGTH
Had real life partial application:for example understandings the schema has led to cognitive behavioural theory where therapists can help clients change negative thought patterns.Insights into how scenes affect eyewitness testimony recall and accuracy have had an impact on jury convictions and helping prevent wrongful convictions.Additionally cognitive neuroscience research aided in creating treatments for language and memory mental disorders and support the development of neural networks do artificial intelligence.
Cognitive approach:LIMITATION
Machine reductionist:Although there are similarities between the human mind and the operations of a computer the computer analogy has been criticised.For example it ignores the influence of human emotion and motivation on the cognitive system and how they may affect our ability to process information.other psychologist argues that the human brain is far more complex than a computer and the human mind can experiences consciousness as and emotions that can lead to irrational behaviour.Example human memory is flawed but compute is stored and recalled perfectly accurately.For instance there has been research found that human memory may be effected by emotional factors such as anxiety on eye witnesses
Emergence of cognitive neuroscience:
Has enabled the confirmation of linked between brain structures and internal mental processes traditionally explored amongst individuals white unique brain injustices.For example Tan had speech production issues showing damage to the area called the Broca’s areas.Fmri imaging shows that Broca’s area activates in health brain areas during language production this direct observation using scientific and objective tools verified Broca’s area in role in speech.
ADDITIONALLY:Tulving BRAIN RESEARCH AND PETERSON ANS PETERSON
Biological approach:STRENGTH
Biological theories tht argue biological structures,neurochemisrty and genes induced behaviours are backed up by a range of research studies for example replicable and objective fmri brain activation studies show borax’s are is active when neurotypical brains produce language.Drug trails like soomros meta analysis demonstrate drug like ssris reduced ocd symptoms by influencing the activity of neurotransmitters and concordance rates research on twins with ocd suggest that genes do that have influence on behaviour.
