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Cardio > A&P of CV System > Flashcards

A&P of CV System Flashcards

1
Q

Apex of heart

A

Lowest part of the heart formed by inferolateral part of left ventricle
Projects anteriorly and to the left in level with the 5th intercostal space and left midclavicular line

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2
Q

Base of heart

A

Upper border of heart involving left atrium, part of right atrium, and proximal portions of great vessel
Lies below second rib @ level of 2nd intercostal space

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3
Q

Endorcardium

A

Endothelial tissue that lines interior of heart chambers and valves

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4
Q

Epicardium

A

Serous layer of pericardium, contains epicardial coronary arteries and veins, autonomic nerves, and lymphatics

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5
Q

Myocardium

A

Thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that form bulk of heart wall

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

Double walled connective tissue sac that surrounds the outside of the heart and great vessels

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7
Q

Aorta

A

Largest artery in the body, begins at upper part of left ventricle then arches backward and to left to form arch of aorta, then descent within thorax and into abdominal cavity
Central pathway of blood from heart to rest of body

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8
Q

Superior vena cava

A

Returns venous blood from head, arms, neck to right atrium

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9
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

Returns venous blood from lower body and viscera to right atrium

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10
Q

Pulmonary arteries

A

Arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to right and left lungs

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11
Q

Pulmonary veins

A

Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the right and left lungs to left atrium

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12
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Network of smaller vessels that carry oxygenated blood to myocardium
Right and left coronary arteries arise from ascending aorta

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13
Q

Main branches of right coronary artery

A

Sinus node artery
Right marginal artery
Right posterior descending artery

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14
Q

What is the main area supplied by the sinus node artery?

A

Right atrium

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15
Q

What is the main area supplied by the right marginal artery?

A

Right ventricle

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16
Q

What is the main area supplied by the right posterior descending artery?

A

Inferior walls of both ventricles and inferior portion of interventricular system

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17
Q

Main branches of left coronary artery

A

Circumflex artery

Left anterior descending artery

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18
Q

What is the main area supplied by the circumflex artery?

A

Left atrium
Posterior and lateral walls of left ventricle
Anterior and inferior walls of left ventricle

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19
Q

What is the main area supplied by left anterior descending artery?

A

Anterior portion of interventricular system

20
Q

Where do right chambers pump blood?

A

Collect blood from body and pump it to lungs

21
Q

Where do left chambers pump blood?

A

Collect blood from body and pump to rest of body

22
Q

Direction of blood flow

A

Venous blood from SVC and IVC enters right atrium->pumped through tricuspid valve into right ventricle->right ventricle contracts to pump blood thru pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk->blood picks up oxygenated releases CO in pulmonary capillaries->oxygenated blood returns via pulmonary veins to left atrium->blood flows thru bicuspid valve into left ventricle->blood then goes thru aortic valve into aorta

23
Q

Coronary veins

A

Includes coronary sinus, cardiac veins, and thesbian veins
Great cardiac, small and middle cardiac veins drain into coronary sinus, emptying into right atrium
Thesbian veins arise in myocardium and drain into all chambers of the heart, primarily right atrium and ventricle

24
Q

Components of cardiac conducting system

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, internal tracts, Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches

25
Q

What is the normal pacemaker of the heart?

A

SA node

26
Q

Sympathetic influence on cardiac conduction

A

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

27
Q

Parasympathetic influence on cardiac conduction

A

Acetylcholine released from vagus nerve

28
Q

Chronotropic effect

A

Affects heart rate, + effect= increased heart rate, - = decreased heart rate

29
Q

Inotropic effect

A

Affects force of heart contraction, += increase force of myocardial contraction, - = decrease force of myocardial contraction

30
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

Helps to maintain blood pressure thru baroreflex which includes arterial baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors

31
Q

Arterial baroreceptors

A

High pressure receptors located in carotid sinus, aortic arch, and origin of right subclavian artery

32
Q

Cardiopulmonary receptors

A

Low pressure receptors

33
Q

How does sympathetic activation lead to increased blood pressure?

A

Leads to increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractility, venoconstricition, and arterial vasoconstriction
There is an elevation in total peripheral resistance and cardiac output that also contributes

34
Q

Bainbridge reflex

A

Increase in venous return that stretches receptors in the wall of the right atrium which sends vagal afferent signals to CV center within medulla
Ultimately, these signals inhibit parasympathetic activity resulting in increased HR

35
Q

Chemoreceptor reflex

A

Chemosensitive cells in the carotid bodies and aortic body responds to changes in pH status and blood oxygen tension

36
Q

When will chemoreceptors stimulate respiratory centers?

A

At an arterial partial oxygen pressure of less than 50 mmHg or in conditions of acidosis, will cause increase in depth and rate of ventilation

37
Q

Valsalva maneuver

A

Blood pressure and heart rate changes in response to increase in intrathoracic pressure
Force expiration against a closed glottis produces increases intrathoracic pressure, increased central venous pressure, and decreased venous return
Baroreceptors detect decrease in cardiac output and blood pressure resulting in increased HR and myocardial contractility via sympathetic activation

38
Q

Atrial systole

A

Contraction of right and left atria pushing blood into ventricles

39
Q

Atrial diastole

A

Period b/w atrial contractions when the atria are repolarizing

40
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Contraction of the right and left ventricles pushing blood into the pulmonary arteries and aorta

41
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Period b/w ventricular contractions when ventricles are repolarizing

42
Q

Preload

A

Tension in ventricular wall at the end of diastole, reflects venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole

43
Q

Afterload

A

Forces that impede the flow of blood out of the heart, primarily pressure in peripheral vasculature, compliance of aorta, and mass and viscosity of blood

44
Q

Stroke volume

A

Volume of blood ejected by each contraction of left ventricle
Normal range is from 60-80 ml depending on age, sex, and activity

45
Q

Cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped from the left or right ventricle per minute, SV x HR
CO for adult male at rest is 4.5-5.0 L/min, women produce slightly less
CO can increase to 25 L/min during exercise

46
Q

Venous return

A

Amount of blood that returns to the right atrium each minute, similar in volume to CO
CV system is a closed loop so venous return must equal CO when averaged over time

Cardio (5 decks)

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