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Audiology & ENT > A&P Of Auditory System > Flashcards

A&P Of Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What does an vibrating object create?

A

Pressure waves

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2
Q

What happens if you are near enough to a vibrating object?

A

The air pressure at your ear changes

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3
Q

What is sound?

A

Changes in pressure over time

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4
Q

What happens to tuning forks vibrating at a high frequency?

A

They are stiff and light

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5
Q

What happens to tuning forks vibrating at a low frequency?

A

Flexible and heavy

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6
Q

Where do sound waves travel?

A

Through air

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7
Q

Mammalian sensory receptors are located where?

A

In an aqueous environment (the cochlea), which has a different impedance than air.

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8
Q

What happens Because of this ‘impedance-mismatch’ between the low density air and higher density water?

A

about 99.9% of the acoustic energy would lost (reflected) if sounds impinged directly on the fluids of the inner ear.

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9
Q

What are the areas of the outer ear?

A

Pinna

Ear canal

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10
Q

What does the pinna do?

A

acts as a directional filter, amplifying sounds from some directions more than others. Note that this effect is frequency- specific.

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11
Q

What is the wavelength of the resonant frequency (F0)?

A

4x the length of the tube

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12
Q

F0=?

A

Speed of sound/4*length

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13
Q

If a tube is 2.5cm long what is the F0?

A

Fo = c/4L
Fo= 344ms/4.025
Fo=~3400 Hz
Results in about a 10dB increase in a signal level.

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14
Q

What do the two major parts of the outer ear work together to increase?

A

the sound pressure level by up to 20 dB

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15
Q

What are the sections of the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane
Ossicles
Middle ear muscles

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16
Q

What is the are of the eardrum larger than?

A

That of the footplate at the oval window

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17
Q

What is the area of the eardrum?

A

55mm2

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18
Q

What is the area of the footplate?

A

3.2mm2

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19
Q

What does 20log(55/3.2) =?

A

25dB gain in sound pressure

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20
Q

The length of the manubrium is slightly greater that the length of what?

A

The inferior process of the incus

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21
Q

What is the lever ration in the inner ear?

A

1.3:1 (~2dB)

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22
Q

What are the contents of the inner ear?

A

Cochlea

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23
Q

What are the two sensory structures in the inner ear?

A

Vestibular apparatus

Cochlia

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24
Q

What does the Vestibular apparatus contain?

A

Sensory structures for balance and head movement

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25
Q

What does the cochlea contain?

A

Sensory epithelium for hearing, the organ of corti

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26
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

A three-chambered, tubular bony structure wound into a helix.

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27
Q

How many turns are in the cochlea?

A

3.5, 35mm long from base to apex

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28
Q

What is the central axis of the helix referred as?

A

The modiolus

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29
Q

How do vibrations get to the cochlea?

A

Oval window faces into the vestibule. Vestibule contains sensory epithelia for vestibular apparatus (saccule and utricle).
• Vestibule leads into the scala vestibuli (upper duct of the cochlea). Waves of pressure pass through the scala vestibuli and back out through the scala tympani (lower duct of the cochlea), terminating at the round window

30
Q

What does the Scala media contain?

A

Organ of corti

Stria vascularis

31
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

sensory epithelium containing the auditory hair cells.

32
Q

What is the stria vascularis?

A

Regulates ionic and metabolic environment of scala media.

33
Q

When do objects vibrate most strongly?

A

At their resonant frequency

34
Q

What determines an objects resonant frequency?

A

The mass and stiffness

35
Q

Fs=sqrt(s/m) explain

A

Square root of stiffness divided by mass equals the resonant frequency

36
Q

What happens with increasing stiffness?

A

Frequency goes up

37
Q

What happens with increasing mass?

A

Frequency goes down

38
Q

Describe the basilar membrane ends

A

• Stiff and light at one end
• Flexible and heavy at the other end

39
Q

Does the resonant frequency change over length?

A

Yes

40
Q

The basilar membrane is populated with what?

A

Hair cells

41
Q

What are hair cells the origin of?

A

Epithelial origin

42
Q

What do hair cells resemble?

A

The cells that line the stomach

43
Q

What does sterocilia form?

A

A bundle at apical pole of the hair cell.

44
Q

What do inner hair cells turn vibrations into?

A

Neural signals

45
Q

What do outer hair cells do?

A

Amplify vibration

46
Q

When are outer hair cells motile?

A

When stimulated, outer hair cells change their shape and stiffness.

47
Q

What do hair cells act as?

A

amplifiers, increasing the amount of vibration on the basilar membrane.

48
Q

What does basilar membrane motion transmit? What is the result of this?

A

forces to move hair cell bundles, this changes the receptor potentials of the outer hair cells.

49
Q

What happens when the receptor potential changes?

A

makes outer hair cells change shape

50
Q

What do outer hair cell shape changes generate?

A

generates force that feeds back onto the basilar membrane, amplifying its vibration

51
Q

What happens if outer hair cells are lost?

A

vibration isn’t sufficiently amplified.

52
Q

What happens if inner hair cells are lost?

A

means no signal to the brain.

53
Q

What are all hair cells vulnerable to?

A

noise, infections, aging, certain drugs, and just plain wear and tear.

54
Q

Where is the tonotopic map maintained?

A

through much of the central auditory system.

55
Q

What does path length differences cause?

A

interaural time difference

56
Q

What does a head shadow cause?

A

interaural level differences

57
Q

What may be ambiguous when on their own?

A

ITD and ILD

58
Q

What do the head, pinna and ear canal act as?

A

a directionally- dependent spectral filter.

59
Q

What is head related transfer function?

A

The pressure gain measured at the ear as a function of source location and frequency.

60
Q

Head related transfer functions are specific for what?

A

specific locations in space.

61
Q

In vertical plane, spectral notches are associated with what?

A

Specific elevations

62
Q

What does HRTF heavily dependant on?

A

The shape of the ear

63
Q

Are some sources of hearing loss addressable?

A

Yes

64
Q

Is hearing a fragile sense?

A

Yes

65
Q

How can you protect you hearing?

A

With ear plugs or defenders

66
Q

Why should you drink tea and eat blueberries?

A

evidence suggests that antioxidants may help preserve your hearing.

67
Q

What do The physical properties of the outer and middle ears help?

A

sound vibrations to pass into the inner ear.

68
Q

What does The heavy/compliant → light/stiff gradient along the basilar membrane mean?

A

that different frequencies cause it to vibrate most strongly in different places.

69
Q

Vibrating inner hair cells causes them to what?

A

Send neural impulses along the auditory nerve

70
Q

What does Vibrating outer hair cells do?

A

strengthens the vibration of the basilar membrane. This is the basis of the cochlear amplifier.

71
Q

The arrangement of frequencies in the cochlea is maintained into what?

A

the central auditory system all the way up to primary auditory cortex. This is referred to as the tonotopic map.

Audiology & ENT (7 decks)

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