Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A + P Exam 4 > A + P Nervous System III > Flashcards

A + P Nervous System III Flashcards

1
Q

special senses

A

smell
taste
sight
hearing and balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

smell

  • sense of smell name
  • what provides it?
A

sense of smell
-olfaction
what provides it
-a pair of olfactory organs in the nose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does each olfactory organ consist of

A

olfactory epithelium

olfactory glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

olfactory epithelium

-composition

A

olfactory receptors (chemoreceptors)
supporting cells
basal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

olfactory glands

-function

A

continuously secrete a mucous layer inside the nose which covers epithelium and keeps the area free of dust, debris, and overpowering smells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what must odors do before the stimulate the olfactory receptors

  • how is the stimuli received
  • what must a substance have to have an odor?
A 
must diffuse into the mucus
received
-each receptor has cilia extending into the mucus to receive the stimuli
odor
-must be a complex molecule
-wetness
-freshness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how does olfactory reception begin?

A

-dissolved chemicals first change the permeability of the receptor membrane which produces an AP
-axons from the olfactory receptors then join together into 20 or more bundles and attach to the olfactory bulbs
-AP is carried through the olfactory nerve to the hypothalamus where it is relayed to the olfactory cortex
olfactory cortex is closely connected to the limbic system which deals with emotions, moods, and memories
-olfaction is also the only sensory information that bypasses the thalamus which normally filters all sensory information
-therefore the sense of smell can produce profound emotional behavioral responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Taste

  • sense of taste name
  • -dependent on…
A

gustation
-dependent upon gustatory receptors (chemoreceptors) along the surface of the tongue, and adjacent portions of the pharynx and larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

taste receptors

  • location
  • why are they there?
A

location
-found in organs called taste buds
-located along the sides of epithelial projection called papillae
why?
-protected from mechanical stress involved in chewing food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

taste buds composition

A

gustatory cells with microvilli extending through taste pores
supporting cells between the gustatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

five primary taste sensations (location)

A 
sweet (tip of tongue)
salty (tip of tongue)
bitter (middle of tongue)
sour (middle/rear of tongue)
umami/savory (back of tongue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

taste sensation threshold

A

each sensation varies

respond more to unpleasant, rather than pleasant, tastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where to the taste APs travel to?

A

carried through axons to vagus, facial, and glossopharangeal nerves to the medulla oblongata
relayed to the thalamus and ultimately the gustatory cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which system is the gustatory cortex closely linked to?

A

limbic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

two cavities of the eyeball

A

anterior cavity

posterior cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

anteror cavity

  • locatioun
  • composition
  • -function
A

location
-between lens and retina
composition
-contains a jelly-like substance called vitreous humor
-function
–keeps the eyeball “inflated” in a shperical shape

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

posterior cavity

  • location
  • division
  • composition
  • -function
A 
location
-between lens and cornea
division
-anterior and posterior chambers
-separated by the iris
composition
-filled with a less viscous, clear fluid called aqueous humor
--nourishes the lens, iris, and cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

three layers of the eye

A

fibrous
vascular
neural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fibrous layer

  • location
  • functions
  • composition
A 
location
-outermost layer
functions
-support and protection
-provides a place of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles
-assists in the focusing process
composition
-sclera
-cornea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

sclera

A

white of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cornea

A

transparent part of the eye where light passes through to the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

vascular layer (uvea)

  • location
  • composition
A

location
-middle layer
composition
-blood vessels, lymphatics, iintinsic eye muscles found in the iris and around the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vascular layer composition

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

iris

  • composition
  • function
A

composition

  • pigmented cells for eye color
  • two layers of smooth muscle which contract to change the diameter of the central opening of the eye (pupil)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

ciliary body

  • composition
  • suspensory ligaments function
A

ciliary msucle
-band of muscle attached to the suspensory ligaments
suspensory ligaments function
-position the lens so light will pass through the center of the lens
-contraction and relaxation of the ciliary muscle enables the lens to change shape in the focusing process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

relaxed vs. contracted ciliary muscle

A

relaxed
-diameter increased and lens is flattened
contracted
-diameter decreases and lens becomes more spherical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

choroid

  • location
  • composition
  • -function
A 
location
-under the fibrous tunic and posterior to the ciliary body
composition
-capillary network
--delivers oxygen and nutrients
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q 
neural layer (retina)
-two layers
A 
pigmented part (self-explanatory)
neural part
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

neural part

  • composition
  • forms a …
A

composition
-a thick inner layer that makes up the neural retina
-houses the photoreceptors
forms a “cup which makes up the posterior and lateral boundaries of the posterior cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

retina organization

A 
photoreceptors
horizontal cells
bipolar cells
ganglion cells
optic nerve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

rods and cones

-function

A

rod
-night and dim light vision
cone
-color vision and clearer vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

number of rods on the sides of the retina

A

125 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cones

  • types
  • # on the bottom of the eye
  • macula lutea
  • fovea
A 
types
-red, green, blue
#
-6 million cones
macula lutea
-yellow spot
-where the image arrives if you look directly at something
-no rods, only cones
fovea
-center of the macula lutea
-center of color vision and the site of sharpest vision where cones are concentrated the most
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

visual pigments

  • location
  • derivatives of…
A

location
-membrane discs of the photoreceptors
derivatives of rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

rhodopsin

  • composition
  • made of…
  • difference in rods and cones
A

composition
-enzyme call opsin bound to the pigment retinal
made of…
-vitamin A
identical in both rods and cones
-opsin is different in each rod and the three types of cones

36
Q

horizontal cells

-function

A

regulate the information between the photoreceptors and ganglion cells to adjust the sensitivity of the retina

37
Q

bipolar cells

-function

A

process input from the photoreceptors and horizontal cells and relay impulses to ganglion cells

38
Q

ganglion cells

-function

A

relay impulses from bipolar cells to the optic disc

39
Q

optic disc

  • location
  • composition
  • special characteristic
A

location
-circular region medial to the fovea and the origin of the optic nerve
composition
-axons from 1 million ganglion cells emerge here and transmit impulses to the optic nerve and then to the thalamus
no photoreceptors and is called the blind spot

40
Q

photoreception (vision) steps

A

light is focused by the lens on the retina
a photon strikes a rhodopsin molecule in the membrane discs
photon is absorbed and a change in the retinal component activates opsin
rhodopsin breaks down into retinal and opsin, causing a cascade of chemical transformation in other cones/rods to amplify the signal
once the membrane potential of the photoreceptor changes, it initiates an AP along the optic nerve, which gives rise to the optic chiasm and optic tract
ultimately, the visual APs are carried to the thalamus (mostly), then passed on to the visual cortex

41
Q

what affects how light is focuses on the retina

A

shape of the cornea, lens, and eyeball affect how light is focused through the lens onto the retina

42
Q

farsighted vs. nearsighted

A

farsighted: light is focused behind the retina
nearsighten: light is focused on the retina

43
Q

where else are some visual APs sent

A

midbrain and pineal gland for various vision-related processes (i.e. reflexive action, sleep regulation)

44
Q

hearing

A

enables us to detect and interpret sound waves

45
Q

equilibrium

A

informs us of the position of our body in space by monitoring gravity, linear acceleration, and rotation

46
Q

three components of the ear

A

external ear
middle ear
inner ear

47
Q

parts of the external ear

A 
auricle (pinna)
external acoustic meatus (external auditory canal)
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
48
Q

auricle (pinna)

-function

A

protects the opening into the ear

provides directional sensitivity to the ear

49
Q

external acoustic meatus

  • function
  • composition
A

carries sound to the eardrum
composition
-contains ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (ear wax)
–slows the growth of microorganisms, reducing the chances for infection
-contains outwardly projecting hairs that prevent insects and foreign objects from entering

50
Q 
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
-function
A

transmits sound from air into the ossicles of the middle ear

51
Q

middle ear composition

A

tympanic cavity
auditory ossicles
-tensor tympani
-stapedius

52
Q

tympanic cavity

  • filled with…
  • function
A

filled with air from the nasopharynx through the auditory tube
permits an equalization of pressure on each side of the eardrum

53
Q

auditory ossicles

  • composition
  • function
A

three tiny bones (melleus, incus, stapes)

connect the tympanum with the inner ear

54
Q

how is the stapes attached to the inner ear?

A

by way of a membrane called the oval window

55
Q

tympanic membrane vs. oval window

A

much larger than oval window and is very sensitive

sound is amplified into the oval window and loud noises can be controlled by two muscles

56
Q

those two muscles

A

tensor tympani

stapedius

57
Q

tensor tympani

-function

A

pulls on the tympanum to reduce vibrations from the tympanic membrane

58
Q

stapedius

-function

A

pulls on the stapes to reduce vibrations in the oval window

59
Q

inner ear structures

A 
membranous labyrinth
bony labyrinth
-vestibule
-semicircular canals
-cochlea
hair cells
60
Q

membranous labyrinth

-composition

A

collection of tubes and chambers filled with a fluid called endolymph
contains the receptors for equilibrium and hearing

61
Q

bony labyrinth

  • location
  • what is found there
  • what are the three parts
A 
shell of bone surrounding the membranous labyrinth
perilymph is found there
three parts
-vestibule
-semicircular canals
-cochlea
62
Q

vestibule

  • composition
  • function
A 
contains two membraneous sacs
-saccule
-utricle
function
-receptors in them provide sensations of gravity and linear acceleration
63
Q

semicircular canals

  • composition
  • function
A

contain semicircular ducts
function
-contain receptors that are stimulated by the rotation of the head

64
Q

cochlea

-function

A

contains receptors that provide the sense of hearing

65
Q

hair cells

  • function
  • free surface supports…
A

mechanoreceptors in the inner ear that communicate with a sensory neuron
supports microvilli called stereocilia

66
Q

movement of the stereocilia does what?

A

distorts the hair cell surface

-in one direction it stimulates hair cells and in the other direction it inhibits the hair cells

67
Q

equilibrium types

A

rotational movement

gravity and linear acceleration

68
Q

rotational movement

  • detected by
  • each can contains…
  • what are embedded in each ampulla
A

detected by the semicircular canals (anterior, posterior, and lateral) each in a different plane
each canal contains a swollen region called the ampulla, which contains the sensory receptors (mechanoreceptors)
stereocilia are embedded in each ampulla

69
Q

what stimulates movement during rotation

A

when rotation occurs in the plane of a canal, hair cells are stimulated by movement of the endolymph

70
Q

what happens when hair cells are stimulated

A

APs from hair cells are sent on the vestibulococchlear nerve to the pons, which are then relayed to the auditory cortex

71
Q

duct stimulation examples

A
  • shaking head (NO): stimulates the lateral duct
  • nodding head (YES): stimulates the superior duct
  • tilting head side to side: stimulates the posterior duct
72
Q

gravity and linear acceleration

  • detected by…
  • what are found in it?
A 
detected by the maculas in the vestibule
hair cells (mechanoreceptors) are found on inner surfaces, to which are attached tiny spheres of calcium carbonate known as statoconia that are dense and heavy
73
Q

what does the movement of hair cells do?

A

APs are generated from movement of the hair cells, which are then sent along the vestibulocochlear nerve to the pons
then relayed to the cerebellum, thalamus, and auditory cortex

74
Q

examples

A

gravity normally pulls the otolith downward
-when you initially start going down or up in an elevator the otolith lags behing
-the hair cells have less distortion and we become aware of the initial downward movement
once the elevator reaches a constant speed and the otolith catches up, the hair cell distortion is removed and we are no longer aware of it

75
Q

three ducts in the cochlea (hearing)

A

vestibular duct
cochlear duct
tympanic duct

76
Q

vestibular duct contains

A

perilymph

77
Q

cochlear duct contains

A

endolymph

78
Q

tympanic duct contains

A

perilymph

79
Q

where is sound detected

A

by hair cells (mechanoreceptors) in the organ of Corti, which is housed in the cochlear duct

80
Q

how are frequency and intensity of sound determined

A

frequency: part of the cochlear duct stimulated
intensity: number of hair cells stimulated

81
Q

organ of Corti (vestibular organ)

  • location
  • function
A

sits atop the basilar membrane

separates cochlear duct from tympanic duct

82
Q

how are hair cells arranged

A

longitudinal rows

83
Q

stereocilia are in contact with…

A

tectorial membrane (attached to the inner wall of the cochlear duct)

84
Q

what happens when basilar membrane bounces up and down

A

stereocilia are distorted when pushed against the tectorial membrane (in response to pressure waves in the perilymph caused by sound waves hitting the tympanum)

85
Q

where are APs carried on/to

A

on the vestibulocochlear nerve to the pons

relayed to the cerebellum, thalamus, and auditory cortex

A + P Exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions