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A + P Exam 4 > A + P Nervous System II > Flashcards

A + P Nervous System II Flashcards

1
Q

brain and spinal cord are surrounded by…

A

meninges

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2
Q

3 layers of the meninges

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

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3
Q

dura mater

  • functions
  • visual characteristics in the brain
A

functions
-“tough” layer of the meninges
-forms structures that separate the cranial cavity into compartments
-protects the brain from displacement
visual
-in the brain the dura mater is sac-like
–provides a space for blood to return to the heart

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4
Q

two layers of the dura mater in the brain

A 
endosteal layer (periosteal)
miningeal layer
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5
Q

endosteal layer location

A

lies against the inside of the cranium

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6
Q

meningeal layer location

A

lies on top of the arachnoid mater (but separated by the subdural space

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7
Q

arachnoid mater

  • separated from dura mater by…
  • contains… and function of component
A 
separated by...
-subdural space
contains
-lymphatic fluid
-acts to reduce friction between the two layers
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8
Q

pia mater

  • contains…
  • separated from arachnoid mater by…
  • -composition
A 
contains
-blood vessels that supply the brain
separated
-subarachnoid space
-consists of a web of collagen fibers filled with CSF
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9
Q

meningitis

A

bacterial (or viral) infection of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

effect of continued blood hemorrhaging in the subdural space following a head trauma

A

will put excessive pressure on the nervous tissue of the brain, which can cause permanent damage

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11
Q

blood-brain barrier physiology

A

capillaries of the brain are impermeable to water soluble compounds without the assistance of specific carriers (only lipid soluble substances can enter without carriers)
there is a separate transport system for glucose, large AAs, and glycine
-this system involves facilitated diffusion
all other tissues outside the CNS are exposed to all hormones and AAs from the blood, some of which are neurotransmitters
-if these were able to enter into the CNS the neurons would fire uncontrollably
the bulbous feet of the astrocytes wrapped around the capillaries regulate all of this

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12
Q

capillaries of the brain are impermeable to…

A

water soluble compounds without the assistance of specific carriers

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13
Q

what can enter the brain without carriers?

A

lipid soluble substances

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14
Q

separate transport system

  • for what?
  • what type of diffusion?
A

for what?

  • glucose, large AAs, glycine
    uses. ..
  • facilitated diffusion
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15
Q

what are tissues outside the CNS exposed to that tissues inside are not?

A

hormones and AAs from the blood, some of which are neurotransmitters

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16
Q

result if these neurotransmitters were allowed to enter into the CNS

A

neurons would fire uncontrollably

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17
Q

what regulates this process?

A

bulbous feet of the astrocytes

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18
Q

CSF

  • produced in… by…
  • similar to…
  • -differences
A

produced in the ventricles of the brain by ependymal cells
similar to blood plasma
-contains less protein and has different ion concentration (more NaCl, H+, less Ca2+, K+)

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19
Q

CSF functions

A

supports and provides cushioning for the brain (brain essentially “floats” in CSF
transports nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

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20
Q

CSF circulates out of the ventricles into the central canal and…
-location

A

“bathes” the outside of the brain and spinal cord

-occurs within the subarachnoid space

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21
Q

journey of CSF after it leaves the subarachnoid space?

A

diffuses in a large cerebral vein (superior saggital sinus) to return to venous circulation

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22
Q

spinal cord composition

A

cervical enlargement from which are attached eight pairs of cervical spinal nerves
twelve pairs of throacic spinal nerves
lumbar enlargement from which are attached five pairs of lumbar spinal nerves
conus medullaris, the cone shaped end of the spinal cord
cause equina
-descends from the conus medullaris and gives rise to five pairs of sacral spinal nerves
single pair of coccygeal nerves

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23
Q

total number of spinal nerves

A

31

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24
Q

important internal features of the spinal cord

A 
posterior median sulcus
anterior medial fissure
central canal
dorsal root
dorsal root ganglion
ventral root
grey matter
white matter
posterior grey horns
anterior grey horns
later grey horns
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25
Q

dorsal root

-type of neurons

A

sensory

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26
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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27
Q

ventral root

-type of neurons

A

motor

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28
Q

grey matter

  • what is it?
  • organization
A

cell bodies of neurons

organized in functional groups know as somatic and visceral nuclei

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29
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons of neurons

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30
Q

posterior grey horns

-composition

A

contain sensory nuclei

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31
Q

anterior grey horns

-composition

A

contain motor nuclei

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32
Q

lateral grey horns

-function

A

contral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

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33
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

four ventricles
-lateral ventricles: one in each cerebral hemisphere
3rd ventricle: in the diencephalon
4th ventricle: in the pons and medulla

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34
Q

ventricular communication

A

3rd ventricle attached to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramen and the 4th ventricle by way of the cerebral aquaduct
4th ventricle attaches to the central canal of the spinal cord

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35
Q

makeup of the rest of the brain

A

cerebrum (telencephalon)
thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)
midbrain (mesencephalon), pons, medulla oblongata (all make up the brain stem)
cerebellum

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36
Q

the cerebrum

  • visual characterisics
  • three areas divided structurally
A 
visual
-largest major region of the brain
-divided into two cerebral hemispheres
areas
-cerebral cortex
-limbic system
-basal ganglia
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37
Q

cerebral cortex

  • visual characteristics
  • functions
A 
visual
-superficial surface
-marked by gyri, sulci, fissures
functions
-voluntary muscle movement
-sensory functions
-intellect and thoughts
-some memories
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38
Q

limbic system

  • location
  • main structures
A 
location
-group of structures located on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere and diencephalon
main structures
-hypothalamus
-anterior portion of the thalamus
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39
Q

limbic system functions

A

emotional states and related behavioral drives
links conscious intellectual function of the cerebral cortex and the unconscious autonomic functions of the brain stem
contains long-term memory storage and retrieval

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40
Q

parts of the limbic system

A 
amygdala
hippocampus
parahippocampal gyrus
cingulate gyrus
fornix
hypothalamus
thalamus
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41
Q

amygdala

-function

A

involved in signaling the cortex of motivationally significant stimuli such as those related to reward and fear in addition to social functions such as mating

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42
Q

hippocampus

-required for…

A

the formation of long-term memories and implicated in maintenance of cognitive maps for navigation

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43
Q

parahippocampal gyrus

-function

A

plays a role in the formation of spatial memory

44
Q

cingulate gyrus

-functions

A

autonomic functions

  • regulating HR
  • blood pressure
  • cognitive processing
  • attentional processing
45
Q

fornix

-function

A

carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei

46
Q

hypothalamus

  • functions
  • affects and regulates
A 
regulates the autonomic nervous system via hormone production and release
affects and regulates
-BP
-HR
-hunger
-thirst
-sexual arousal
-sleep/wake cycle
alcohol affects this
47
Q

thalamus

-function

A

the “relay station” to the cerebral cortex

48
Q

basal ganglia

  • composition
  • connected with…
  • functions
A

composition
-group of nuclei situated at the base of the cerebrum
connected with
-cerebral cortex and thalamus
functions
-voluntary motor control
-procedural learning for routine behaviors (habits)
-eye movements
-varied cognitive and emotional functions

49
Q

cerebral cortex

  • function
  • anatomical divisions
A 
function
-most of the actual information processing that occurs
anatomical divisions
-frontal lobe
-parietal lobes
-temporal lobes
-occipital lobe
50
Q

cerebral cortex functional divisions

  • divided by what?
  • functional divisions
A 
divided by the central sulcus
functional divisions
-primary motor cortex
-premotor cortex
-prefrontal cortex
-Broca's area
-primary somatic sensory cortex
-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-visual association area
-gustatory cortex
-primary auditory cortex
-auditory association area
51
Q

primary motor cortex

-function

A

origin site of impulses of voluntary movement to skeletal muscles

52
Q

premotor cortex

-function

A

coordinates learned movements

53
Q

prefrontal cortex

  • location
  • function
A

conscious intellect
location
-found in both hemispheres
function
-coordinates information from all association areas of the cortex
-functions in predicting the future consequences of events, contains feelings of frustrations, tension, and anxiety

54
Q

Broca’s area
-location
-functions
special condition

A 
location
-found in left hemisphere
function
-controls speech
-regulates patterns of breathing and vocalization for speech
can understand but cannot speak
55
Q

visual association area

-location

A

occipital lobe

55
Q

gustatory cortex
function
-location

A

receives taste sensations (parietal lobe)

55
Q

primary auditory cortex

  • function
  • location
A

receives hearing sensations (temporal lobe)

55
Q

auditory association area (Wernicke’s Area)

  • location
  • special condition
A

temporal and parietal lobes

can speak but cannot comprehend

55
Q

olfactory cortex

  • function
  • location
A

receives sense of smell

temporal lobe

55
Q

cortical connections

A

each area on a single hemispheric cortex is interconnected by white matter (axons) beneath the cerebral cortex
each hemisphere is interconnected by the corpus callosum and the Anterior Commisure
some white matter (medulla) also interconnects the cortex with the diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord

55
Q

primary somatic sensory cortex

  • function
  • location
A

receives sensory information from touch, pressure, pain, and temperature receptors (parietal lobe)

55
Q

occipital lobe

  • function
  • location
A

receives visual information (occipital lobe)

55
Q

cerebellum

  • primary functions
  • -general function
  • -specific function
A

modulate movement

  • makes rapid adjustments in muscle tone and position for balance and equilibrium
  • programs and fine-tunes voluntary and involuntary movements initiated by signals sent from the cerebrum and brain stem
56
Q

cerebral processing centers

  • function
  • left brain
  • right brain
A

control complex motor activities and perform analytical functions
left brain
-contains the general interpretative center involving language and mathematical calculations, speech center, and writing
right brain
-responsible for the spatial visualization and analysis
-responsible for analysis by touch (many musicians and artists are left handed)

56
Q

thalamus

-functions

A
  • receives all sensory information (except olfaction)
  • filters this info, relaying a small amount of info to the primary cortex and the rest to the basal ganglia or brain stem
  • coordinates voluntary and involuntary motor commands
56
Q

hypothalamus

-overall function

A

maintenance of homeostasis

56
Q

hypothalamus

-specific functions

A

controls the pituitary gland (nervous system link to the endocrine system)
controls emotions and some senses/feelings (anger, pleasure, etc.)
regulates body temperature
controls sleep and circadian cycles
-pineal gland
receives olfactory information
relays info to the autonomic centers in the pons and medulla oblongata

56
Q

midbrain

-functions

A
  • processes visual and auditory responses and generates involuntary motor responses, such as reflexes to sudden visual and auditory stimuli
  • produces dopamine which affects consciousness, motivation, and alertness
56
Q

pons

-functions

A
  • connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
  • serves as a relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
  • helps with involuntary control of respiration
56
Q

medulla oblongata

-functions

A
  • connects the cerebellum with the midbrain
  • serves as a relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
  • helps with involuntary control of respiration
56
Q

medulla oblongata

-functions

A
  • a relay point between the diencephalon, cerebrum, and spinal cord
  • contains major control centers for regulation of cardiovascular activity respiration and digestion
56
Q

cerebellum

  • primary functions
  • -general function
  • -specific function
A

modulates movement

  • makes rapid adjustments in muscle tone and position for balance and equilibrium
  • programs and fine-tunes voluntary and involuntary movements initiated by signals sent from the cerebrum and brain stem
56
Q

cranial nerves

  • #
  • where do they emerge
A

12 pairs of nerves emerge directly from the brain

-1st and 12th emergy from the cerebrum and the others emerge from various aspects of the brain stem

57
Q

cranial nerves

-where do they receive input?

A
  • from the special senses, such as vision, hearing, smell, and tasts
  • can receive sensory information from the face and send motor impulses to facial muscles
58
Q

memory

  • types
  • where are memories stored
A 
types
-fact or skill
-short- and long term
storage
-cerebral cortex: familiar sounds, faces, tastes, and smells
-cerebrum and hippocampus: short-and long-term declarative memory
-cerebellum: procedural memory
-within the synapses themselves
59
Q

PNS composition

A

all nervous material outside of the brain and spinal cord

  • sensory receptors
  • nerves and ganglia
  • efferent motor endings
62
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

detect mechanical forces such as touch, pressure, vibrations, stretch, and itch

63
Q

thermoreceptors

A

detect temperature changes

64
Q

photoreceptors

A

detect light energy

65
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals in solution such as smell, taste, and changes in blood chemistry

67
Q

sensory receptors classified according to location

A

exteroceptors
interoceptors
proprioceptors

68
Q

exteroceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli outside the body (located at or near the body surface)
includes receptors of the skin and special sense organs

69
Q

interoceptors

A

sensitive to stimuli arising within the body (within the internal visceral organs and within blood vessels)

77
Q

sensory receptors

-function

A

specialized structures that respond to stimuli or changes in the environment by sending impulses along afferent neurons to the CNS

78
Q

sensory receptors classifications

  • how?
  • classifications
A 
classified according to the type of stimulus they detect
classifications
-mechanoreceptors
thermoreceptors
photoreceptors
chemoreceptors
nociceptors
83
Q

nociceptors

A

detect damaging stimuli that result in pain

87
Q

proprioceptors

A

sensitive to internal stimuli in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, and connective tissue covering bones and muscles

88
Q

sensory receptors classified according to structural complexity

A

simple receptors

complex receptors

89
Q

simple receptors
-what are they?
location

A

modified nerve endings of sensory neurons
location
-skin, mucous membranes, muscles, and connective tissue

90
Q

complex receptors

-what are they?

A

special senses of vision, hearing, smell, and taste

91
Q

nerve basic structure

A 
parallel bundles of myelinated or unmyelinated axons
endoneurium
fascicles
perineurium
epineurium
92
Q

endoneurium function

A

encloses each axon

93
Q

fascicles

-what is it?

A

bundle of axons

94
Q

perineurium function

A

covers a fascicle

95
Q

epineurium function

A

covers groups of fascicles and an artery/vein

96
Q

nerves classification

A

motor nerves consisting of motor neurons only (efferent)
sensory nerves consisting of sensory neurons only (afferent)
mixed nerves consisting of sensory and motor neurons

97
Q

another way of classifying nerves

A

somatic

visceral

98
Q

ganglia

-what are they?

A

collections of neuron cell bodies associated with sensory neurons (afferent - dorsal root), and motor neurons (efferent - ventral root)

99
Q

five components of reflex activity

A 
arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
activation of sensory neuron
information processing in CNS
activation of motor neuron
response by effector (muscle or gland)
100
Q

involuntary reflexes

  • what are they?
  • location types
A

reflex patterns that are inherited rather than learned, having evolved as involuntary survival mechanisms
types
-ipsilateral
-contralateral

101
Q

reflex types

A

stretch reflex
flexion (withdrawal) reflex
reciprocal inhibition
crossed-extension reflex

102
Q

stretch reflex purpose

-controlled by

A

maintain healthy muscle tone by quickly shortening a muscle if it is stretched too far or too fast
controlled by…
-muscle spindles

103
Q

flexion (withdrawal) reflex

  • how is it initiated
  • what happens?
A

initiated by a painful stimulus

one or more muscles (usually flexor muscles) will quickly contract to remove the limb from harm

104
Q

reciprocal inhibition

-what is it?

A

during a reflex action, the antagonistic muscles are inhibited to permit the appropriate movement

105
Q

crossed-extension reflex

  • function
  • what happens?
A

important in maintaining balance during reflex movements

when the flexors contract on one side of the body, the extensors contract on the other side of the body

106
Q

conditioned reflexes

-what are they?

A

voluntary actions initiated in the brain may become reflex actions through continued association of a particular stimulus with a certain result

107
Q

stages of a reflex

A 
arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor
activation of sensory neuron
information processing
activation of motor neuron
response of peripheral effector

A + P Exam 4 (4 decks)

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