A & P-Musculoskeletal system and movement Flashcards
Q1. What rules can you follow to work out which muscle is the agonsit and which is the antagonsit for exam questions?
Q2. What rule can you follow to work out whether a muscle is contracting concentrically or eccentrically?
Q1. Perform the movement at the joint intensely and to its fullest extent and the muscle in agony is the agonist and the muscle opposite is the antagonist.
**Q2. **During the easier part of the sporting movement the muscle tends contract eccentrically and during the harder part the muscle tends to contact concentrically. For example, the quadriceps during the downwards phase of a squat contract eccentrically, they contract concentrically during the upward phase of a squat.
Which one of the following best describes the action of the quadriceps muscle group between position A and position B?
A
Contracting concentrically
B
Contracting eccentrically
C
Contracting isometrically
D
Relaxing as the antagonist
B
The figure shows a badminton player in two different positions as they prepare to hit a shot.
Complete the table below for the movement at the left hip as the badminton player moves from position A to position B.
Articulating bones
1 _________________________
2 _________________________
Type of joint
Plane
Axis
Articulating bones
Pelvis and femur (AO1 = 1)
Type of joint
Ball and socket (AO1 = 1)
Plane
Frontal (AO2 = 1)
Axis
Sagittal (AO2 = 1)
Accept any other appropriate articulating bones.
The diagram below shows an athlete performing the downward phase of a press-up.
Complete the table for the movement occurring at the elbow as the athlete moves from position A to position B.
Articulating bones at the elbow
Main agonist
Plane
Axis
(Total 4 marks)
Articulating bones at the elbow
Humerus, radius, ulna (1)
All three bones required for one mark
Main agonist
Triceps (1)
Plane
Sagittal (1)
Axis
Transverse (1)
Max 4 marks
Which one of the following muscles is a main agonist when flexion occurs at the shoulder?
A
Anterior deltoid
B
Medial deltoid
C
Posterior deltoid
A
Identify the main agonist causing extension at the knee joint between Position A and Position B.
A
Gastrocnemius
B
Gluteals
C
Hamstrings
D
Quadriceps
(Total 1 mark)
D
Identify the plane and axis of motion for the action occurring at the elbow joint from position A to position B.
A
Frontal plane / Sagittal axis
B
Frontal plane / Transverse axis
C
Sagittal plane / Transverse axis
D
Transverse plane / Longitudinal axis
(Total 1 mark)
C
Which one of these muscles causes horizontal abduction at the hip?
A
Abdominals
B
Gluteus Minimus
C
Hamstrings
D
Iliopsoas
B
Identify the plane and axis of motion for the action occurring at the shoulder joint from position X to position Y.
A
Frontal plane / Sagittal axis
B
Frontal plane / Transverse axis
C
Sagittal plane / Transverse axis
D
Transverse plane / Longitudinal axis
(Total 1 mark)
C
Identify the main agonist, and plane and axis of movement at the right shoulder as the tennis player in the diagram above moves from position A to position B.
Agonist:________________________________________________________________
Plane:__________________________________________________________________
Axis:___________________________________________________________________
(Total 3 marks)
Agonist: Pectorals / anterior deltoid.
Plane: Transverse plane.
Axis: Longitudinal axis.
Using the diagram, complete the table to identify the joint action, the main agonist and the antagonist at the right ankle and the right knee from Position A to Position B.
**Right ankle **
Joint action
Main agonist
Antagonist
**
Right knee**
Joint action
Main agonist
Antagonist
[total 6 marks]
To clear a hurdle, hip flexion occurs.
State the plane and the axis around which hip flexion takes place.
Plane: _________________________________________________________________
Axis: ___________________________________________________________________
[Total 2 marks]
Plane: Saggital
Axis: Transverse
The diagram below shows a football player kicking a ball.
Articulating bones
Joint action
Main agonist
Complete the table to identify the articulating bones, the joint action and the main agonist at the shaded knee as the football player in the diagram kicks the ball from A to B.
Articulating bones
Femur and tibia (1)
Joint action
Extension (1)
Main agonist
Quadriceps (1)
Identify the joint action and main agonist occurring at the shoulder as the performer in the diagram moves from position A to position B.
Joint action:
Main agonist:
(Total 2 marks)
Joint action: Horizontal flexion / adduction (1).
Main agonist: Pectoralis major / anterior deltoid (1).
Identify the joint action and main agonist occurring at the elbow as the performer in the diagram moves from position A to position B.
Joint action: _____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Main agonist: ____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 2 marks)
Joint action: Extension (1).
Main agonist: Triceps (1).
The diagram shows a badminton serve.
(a) State the names of the bones forming the shoulder joint.
(1)
(b) State the name of the type of joint found at the shoulder.
(1)
(c) Identify, using the diagram:
- the name of the joint action taking place at the shoulder
- the name of the main agonist causing this movement at the shoulder
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
(a) Names - humerus and scapula
1
(b) Type - ball and socket
1
(c) Action - flexion
1
Agonist - deltoid
1
(a) Identify the correct term for each of the movements A and B shown.
(2)
(b) State the plane and axis involved in these movements.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
(a) A = abduction
1
B = adduction
1
(b) Frontal plane
1
Sagittal axis
1
(a) Identify the two actions occurring at the shoulder during the sequence shown.
(2)
(b) State the name of the agonist muscle for each action.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
(a) Action – rotation
1
Agonist – rotator cuff
1
(b) Action – extension
1
Agonist – latissimus dorsi
1
[4]
Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs.
Explain the term antagonistic pair, using the elbow joint as an example.
[total 4 marks]
Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):
(sub max 2 marks)
- The joint can flex and extend
- During flexion, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist/prime mover
- The muscle shortens [under tension]
- The joint angle is reduced / flexion
(sub max 2 marks)
- The triceps brachii acts as the antagonist
- It relaxes and lengthens
- The coordination of the two muscle actions allows for smooth movement around the joint (accept opposite if extension is explained)
Analyse the movements possible at the shoulder joint.
(Total 8 marks)
AO1 Award up to two marks for:
- Ball and socket joint
- Formed from humerus and scapula
- Head of humerus (ball)
- Fits into glenoid fossa of scapula (socket)
- Triaxial / movement in all three planes
AO2 Award up to three marks for:
- Movement in sagittal plane and around transverse axis
- Flexion / extension
- Movement in frontal plane and around sagittal axis
- Abduction / adduction
- Movement in transverse plane and around longitudinal axis
- Horizontal flexion / abduction
- Horizontal extension / adduction
- Rotation
AO3 Award up to three marks for:
- Agonists
- Flexion – (anterior) deltoid
- Extension – latissimus dorsi / posterior deltoid
- Abduction - deltoid
- Adduction – latissimus dorsi / pectorals
- Horizontal flexion / abduction - (anterior) deltoid / pectorals
- Horizontal extension / adduction - (posterior) deltoid / latissimus dorsi
- Rotation – rotator cuff muscles
Explain why the triceps muscle will perform two different types of muscle contraction during the performance of a press up.
(Total 4 marks)
Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):
(sub max 2 marks) - phase of movement must be implied
- During the upward phase of the press-up, the triceps will perform a concentric contraction
- The muscle will shorten [under tension], causing extension / or description of movement e.g. straightening of the elbow
(sub max 2 marks)
- However during the downward phase of the press-up the triceps will perform an eccentric contraction
- The muscle will lengthen [under tension], to help control / act as a brake the lowering / flexing of the elbow [as it works against gravity]
There are different types of muscles contractions.
Compare:
- isotonic and isometric muscle contractions, and
- concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.
(Total 4 marks)
Award one mark for each of the following points:
- Isotonic - movement
- Isometric - no movement
- Concentric - shortening of muscles/ upward movement
- Eccentric - lengthening of muscle / downwards movement
[4]
During sprinting, flexion occurs at the hip.
Identify which plane and about which axis hip flexion occurs.
A
Frontal plane and sagittal axis
B
Sagittal plane and longitudinal axis
C
Sagittal plane and transverse axis
D
Transverse plane and longitudinal axis
(Total 1 mark)
C
[1]
The image below shows a gymnast in a crucifix position on the rings.
Complete the table below to identify the type of joint, the main agonist and the joint action at the gymnast’s shoulder when in the crucifix position.
Type of joint Main agonist Joint action
(Total 3 marks)
Type of joint - Ball and socket (1)
Main agonist - Deltoid (1)
Joint action - Abduction (1)
The diagram shows a performer completing a press up.
Position A
Using the diagram above, complete the table to identify the joint action, the main agonist and type of isotonic contraction at the elbow from position A to position B.
Elbow movement from position A to position B
Joint action -
Main agonist -
Type of isotonic contraction -
(Total 3 marks)
Joint Action - A Flexion
Main agonist - B Triceps (brachii)
Type of isotonic contraction - C Eccentric
Accept first answer only.
[3]
The diagram below shows a tennis player performing a forehand stroke.
(i) Using the diagram above, complete the Table to identify the articulating bones, the joint action and the main agonist at the right shoulder from position A to position B.
Right shoulder movement from position A to position B
Articulating bones -
Joint action -
Main agonist -
(3)
(ii) Identify the plane and the axis about which the movement at the right shoulder is taking place from position A to position B.
Plane:
Axis:
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
(i)
Articulating Bones - A Humerus and scapula
Joint Action - B Horizontal flexion /
Horizontal adduction
Main Agonist - C Pectorals / pectoralis
major / (Anterior) deltoid
(3)
(ii) A Transverse / horizontal plane.
do not accept any other terms
B Longitudinal / vertical axis.
accept first answer only
(2)
[5]
The figure below shows a basketball player completing a movement known as a jump shot.
Complete the table below to identify the main agonist, the type of isotonic muscle contraction and the joint action at the hip during the movement from position A to position B.
Main agonist -
Type of
muscle contraction -
Joint action -
(Total 3 marks)
Main agonist - A. Gluteus
maximus / gluteals / hamstrings
Type of muscle contraction - B. Concentric
Joint action - C. Extension / hyper-extension
A and C – accept first answer only
B – Accept isotonic-concentric
[3]
Running is an example of a physical activity that requires an efficient respiratory system.
The image below shows the drive phase of the leg action while running.
Position A Position B
Using the image above, complete the table to identify the main agonist, the joint action and the type of contraction at the right ankle when moving from Position A to Position B.
Right ankle movement from Position A to Position B
Main agonist -
Joint action -
Type of contraction -
(Total 3 marks)
Agonist – gastrocnemius
First answer only
Accept slight spelling lapses
Not calf or soleus
Joint action – plantar flexion
Not flexion or dorsi – flexion
Type of contraction – concentric / isotonic
Not eccentric, isometric or isokinetic
Many performers use different weight-training exercises as a way of improving their overall fitness.
The figure below shows a performer moving into a squat from Position A to Position B.
Complete the table to identify the main agonist, the type of muscle contraction and the joint action at the hip joint during the isotonic movement from Position A to Position B.
Hip joint
Main agonist -
Type of muscle contraction -
Joint action -
(Total 3 marks)
Hip
Main agonist - A. Gluteals / hamstrings;
Type of muscle contraction - B. Eccentric;
Joint action - C. Flexion;
Accept first term only
A. Accept Latin names of individual muscles – biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus / gluteus maximus
B. No alternatives
C. Accept extension to flexion
[3]
The image below shows the movements involved as a player throws the ball on to the field of play during a game of rugby.
Complete the table to identify the ‘main agonist’, the ‘type of muscle contraction’ and the ‘joint action’ at the elbow joint during the movement from Position A to Position B.
Main agonist -
Type of muscle contraction -
Joint action -
(Total 3 marks)
Triceps (brachii) - Accept 1st answer only; accept triceps; biceps is wrong!
Concentric / isotonic
Extension - Accept flexion to extension.
[3]
The figure below shows a tennis player performing a forehand stroke.
Using the figure above, complete the Table below to identify the main agonist and the joint action that occurs at the joints during the forehand stroke.
Movement description
Shoulder joint from A to C
Main agonist
Joint action
Movement description
Elbow joint from B to D
Main agonist
Joint action
(Total 4 marks)
Movement description
Shoulder joint from A to C
Main agonist - Pectorals
/ (anterior)
Deltoids
Joint action - Horizontal
flexion /
horizontal
adduction
Movement description
Elbow B-D
Main agonist - Biceps
(brachii)
Joint Action - Flexion
Either term – Accept pectoralis major – NOT pecs or delts.
Not just flexion – Accept horizontal hyper-extension to flexion.
Accept bicepts.
Accept extension to flexion.
[4]
In some games, players kick a ball to keep possession and / or to gain territory.
The figure below shows a footballer kicking a ball.
(i) What are the names of the ‘articulating bones’ of the knee joint?
(2)
(ii) In the figure above, what ‘joint action’ takes place at the knee of the kicking leg in the movement from position A to position B?
(1)
(iii) What is the name of the main ‘agonist’ that causes this action in the figure above?
(1)
(Total 4 marks)
(i) 2 marks for 2 of :
First two answers
Tibia;
Femur.
Do not accept fibula / patella / fibia / tibula.
2
(ii) First answer only
Extension.
Accept flexion to extension.
1
(iii) First answer only
Quadriceps / rectus femoris.
Do not accept quads.
Accept all four muscles (v-intermedialis and v-medialis and v-lateralis and rectus femoris).
1
[4]
Weightlifters will follow a strength training programme to ensure that they perform their best in a competition.
The figure below shows a weightlifter performing a squat.
Using figure above, identify the ‘joint action’, ‘main agonist’ and the ‘type of muscle contraction’ occurring at the hip and ankle joints as the weightlifter moves from Position A to Position B.
Hip
Joint action -
Main agonist -
Type of muscle contraction -
Ankle
Joint action -
Main agonist -
Type of muscle contraction -
(Total 5 marks)
Hip
Action - Extension
Agonist - Gluteals / hamstrings
Type - N/A
Ankle
Action - Plantar flexion
Agonist - Gastrocnemius
Type - Concentric. isotonic
First answers only.
accept flexion to extension (do not accept hyperextension).
accept gluteus maximus (do not accept glutes) / accept biceps femoris semi-membranosus / semi-tendinosus.
do not accept flexion.
do not accept calf or soleus.
[5]
The figure below shows a games player running.
The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name:
(i) the ‘axis’ about which the movement is taking place
(1)
(ii) the main ‘agonist’ causing the movement
(1)
(iii) the ‘joint action’ taking place.
(1)
(Total 3 marks)
(i) Transverse axis / horizontal axis.
1
(ii) Quadriceps / rectus femoris.
1
(iii) Extension / flexion to extension.
1
[3]
The figure below shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand.
Name the main ‘agonist’ at the elbow joint in the movement from position A to position B.
(Total 1 mark)
Agonist – triceps (brachii).
[1]
The figure below shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand.
Name the ‘type of muscle contraction’ taking place while the gymnast is stationary at position A and through the movement phase to position B.
(Total 2 marks)
2 marks for 2 of :
Position A – stationary – isometric;
Position B – movement – isotonic / concentric.
[2]
In order to perform to their potential, long jumpers must use their muscles and bones efficiently.
The figure below shows a long jumper during the take-off phase of her jump.
Using the figure above, complete the table below to identify:
(i) the joint actions involved at the hip and ankle of the take-off leg as the performer leaves the board.
(2)
(ii) the names of the main agonists working at the knee and ankle.
Joint - Hip
(i) Joint Action -
Joint - Knee
(ii) Main Agonist -
Joint - Ankle
(i) Joint Action -
(ii) Main Agonist -
(2)
(iii) Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the ankle of the take-off foot.
Lever system:
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Joint - Hip
(i) Joint Action - (Hyper) extension
Joint - Knee
(ii) Main Agonist - Quadriceps
Joint - Ankle
(i) Joint Action - Plantar Flexion
(ii) Main Agonist - Gastrocnemius
(iii)
2nd class / order;
Resistance in middle;
Fulcrum / pivot, resistance / load, force / effort correctly labelled.
Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs.
Explain the term antagonistic pair, using the elbow joint as an example.
[total 4 marks]
(sub max 2 marks)
- The joint can flex and extend
- During flexion, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist/prime mover
- The muscle shortens [under tension]
- The joint angle is reduced / flexion
(sub max 2 marks)
- The triceps brachii acts as the antagonist
- It relaxes and lengthens
- The coordination of the two muscle actions allows for smooth movement around the joint (accept opposite if extension is explained)
