A & P-Musculoskeletal system and movement Flashcards by Keiron Stephens

Q1. What rules can you follow to work out which muscle is the agonsit and which is the antagonsit for exam questions?

Q2. What rule can you follow to work out whether a muscle is contracting concentrically or eccentrically?

Q1. Perform the movement at the joint intensely and to its fullest extent and the muscle in agony is the agonist and the muscle opposite is the antagonist.

**Q2. **During the easier part of the sporting movement the muscle tends contract eccentrically and during the harder part the muscle tends to contact concentrically. For example, the quadriceps during the downwards phase of a squat contract eccentrically, they contract concentrically during the upward phase of a squat.

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Which one of the following best describes the action of the quadriceps muscle group between position A and position B?

Contracting concentrically

Contracting eccentrically

Contracting isometrically

Relaxing as the antagonist

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The figure shows a badminton player in two different positions as they prepare to hit a shot.

Complete the table below for the movement at the left hip as the badminton player moves from position A to position B.

Articulating bones

1 _________________________

2 _________________________

Type of joint

Plane

Axis

Articulating bones

Pelvis and femur (AO1 = 1)

Type of joint

Ball and socket (AO1 = 1)

Plane

Frontal (AO2 = 1)

Axis

Sagittal (AO2 = 1)

Accept any other appropriate articulating bones.

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The diagram below shows an athlete performing the downward phase of a press-up.

Complete the table for the movement occurring at the elbow as the athlete moves from position A to position B.

Articulating bones at the elbow

Main agonist

Plane

Axis

(Total 4 marks)

Articulating bones at the elbow

Humerus, radius, ulna (1)

All three bones required for one mark

Main agonist

Triceps (1)

Plane

Sagittal (1)

Axis

Transverse (1)

Max 4 marks

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Which one of the following muscles is a main agonist when flexion occurs at the shoulder?

Anterior deltoid

Medial deltoid

Posterior deltoid

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Identify the main agonist causing extension at the knee joint between Position A and Position B.

Gastrocnemius

Gluteals

Hamstrings

Quadriceps

(Total 1 mark)

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Identify the plane and axis of motion for the action occurring at the elbow joint from position A to position B.

Frontal plane / Sagittal axis

Frontal plane / Transverse axis

Sagittal plane / Transverse axis

Transverse plane / Longitudinal axis

(Total 1 mark)

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Which one of these muscles causes horizontal abduction at the hip?

Abdominals

Gluteus Minimus

Hamstrings

Iliopsoas

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Identify the plane and axis of motion for the action occurring at the shoulder joint from position X to position Y.

Frontal plane / Sagittal axis

Frontal plane / Transverse axis

Sagittal plane / Transverse axis

Transverse plane / Longitudinal axis

(Total 1 mark)

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Identify the main agonist, and plane and axis of movement at the right shoulder as the tennis player in the diagram above moves from position A to position B.

Agonist:________________________________________________________________

Plane:__________________________________________________________________

Axis:___________________________________________________________________

(Total 3 marks)

Agonist: Pectorals / anterior deltoid.

Plane: Transverse plane.

Axis: Longitudinal axis.

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Using the diagram, complete the table to identify the joint action, the main agonist and the antagonist at the right ankle and the right knee from Position A to Position B.

**Right ankle **

Joint action

Main agonist

Antagonist
**
Right knee**

Joint action

Main agonist

Antagonist

[total 6 marks]

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To clear a hurdle, hip flexion occurs.

State the plane and the axis around which hip flexion takes place.

Plane: _________________________________________________________________

Axis: ___________________________________________________________________

[Total 2 marks]

Plane: Saggital

Axis: Transverse

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The diagram below shows a football player kicking a ball.

Articulating bones

Joint action

Main agonist

Complete the table to identify the articulating bones, the joint action and the main agonist at the shaded knee as the football player in the diagram kicks the ball from A to B.

Articulating bones

Femur and tibia (1)

Joint action

Extension (1)

Main agonist

Quadriceps (1)

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Identify the joint action and main agonist occurring at the shoulder as the performer in the diagram moves from position A to position B.

Joint action:

Main agonist:

(Total 2 marks)

Joint action: Horizontal flexion / adduction (1).

Main agonist: Pectoralis major / anterior deltoid (1).

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Identify the joint action and main agonist occurring at the elbow as the performer in the diagram moves from position A to position B.

Joint action: _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Main agonist: ____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

(Total 2 marks)

Joint action: Extension (1).

Main agonist: Triceps (1).

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The diagram shows a badminton serve.

(a) State the names of the bones forming the shoulder joint.

(1)

(b) State the name of the type of joint found at the shoulder.

(1)

the name of the joint action taking place at the shoulder
the name of the main agonist causing this movement at the shoulder

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

(a) Names - humerus and scapula

(b) Type - ball and socket

Agonist - deltoid

(a) Identify the correct term for each of the movements A and B shown.

(2)

(b) State the plane and axis involved in these movements.

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

(a) A = abduction

B = adduction

(b) Frontal plane

Sagittal axis

(a) Identify the two actions occurring at the shoulder during the sequence shown.

(2)

(b) State the name of the agonist muscle for each action.

(2)

(Total 4 marks)

(a) Action – rotation

Agonist – rotator cuff

(b) Action – extension

Agonist – latissimus dorsi

[4]

Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs.

Explain the term antagonistic pair, using the elbow joint as an example.

[total 4 marks]

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):

(sub max 2 marks)

The joint can flex and extend
During flexion, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist/prime mover
The muscle shortens [under tension]
The joint angle is reduced / flexion

(sub max 2 marks)

The triceps brachii acts as the antagonist
It relaxes and lengthens
The coordination of the two muscle actions allows for smooth movement around the joint (accept opposite if extension is explained)

Analyse the movements possible at the shoulder joint.

(Total 8 marks)

AO1 Award up to two marks for:

Ball and socket joint
Formed from humerus and scapula
Head of humerus (ball)
Fits into glenoid fossa of scapula (socket)
Triaxial / movement in all three planes

AO2 Award up to three marks for:

Movement in sagittal plane and around transverse axis
Flexion / extension
Movement in frontal plane and around sagittal axis
Abduction / adduction
Movement in transverse plane and around longitudinal axis
Horizontal flexion / abduction
Horizontal extension / adduction
Rotation

AO3 Award up to three marks for:

Agonists
Flexion – (anterior) deltoid
Extension – latissimus dorsi / posterior deltoid
Abduction - deltoid
Adduction – latissimus dorsi / pectorals
Horizontal flexion / abduction - (anterior) deltoid / pectorals
Horizontal extension / adduction - (posterior) deltoid / latissimus dorsi
Rotation – rotator cuff muscles

Explain why the triceps muscle will perform two different types of muscle contraction during the performance of a press up.
(Total 4 marks)

Award one mark for each of the following points (max 4 marks):

(sub max 2 marks) - phase of movement must be implied

During the upward phase of the press-up, the triceps will perform a concentric contraction
The muscle will shorten [under tension], causing extension / or description of movement e.g. straightening of the elbow

(sub max 2 marks)

However during the downward phase of the press-up the triceps will perform an eccentric contraction
The muscle will lengthen [under tension], to help control / act as a brake the lowering / flexing of the elbow [as it works against gravity]

There are different types of muscles contractions.

Compare:

isotonic and isometric muscle contractions, and
concentric and eccentric muscle contractions.

(Total 4 marks)

Award one mark for each of the following points:

Isotonic - movement
Isometric - no movement
Concentric - shortening of muscles/ upward movement
Eccentric - lengthening of muscle / downwards movement

[4]

During sprinting, flexion occurs at the hip.

Identify which plane and about which axis hip flexion occurs.

Frontal plane and sagittal axis

Sagittal plane and longitudinal axis

Sagittal plane and transverse axis

Transverse plane and longitudinal axis

(Total 1 mark)

[1]

The image below shows a gymnast in a crucifix position on the rings.

Complete the table below to identify the type of joint, the main agonist and the joint action at the gymnast’s shoulder when in the crucifix position.

Type of joint Main agonist Joint action

(Total 3 marks)

Type of joint - Ball and socket (1)

Main agonist - Deltoid (1)

Joint action - Abduction (1)

The diagram shows a performer completing a press up. Position A Using the diagram above, complete the table to identify the joint action, the main agonist and type of isotonic contraction at the elbow from position A to position B. Elbow movement from position A to position B Joint action - Main agonist - Type of isotonic contraction - (Total 3 marks)

Joint Action - A Flexion Main agonist - B Triceps (brachii) Type of isotonic contraction - C Eccentric Accept first answer only. [3]

The diagram below shows a tennis player performing a forehand stroke. (i) Using the diagram above, complete the Table to identify the articulating bones, the joint action and the main agonist at the right shoulder from position A to position B. **Right shoulder movement from position A to position B** Articulating bones - Joint action - Main agonist - (3) (ii) Identify the plane and the axis about which the movement at the right shoulder is taking place from position A to position B. Plane: Axis: (2) (Total 5 marks)

(i) Articulating Bones - A Humerus and scapula Joint Action - B Horizontal flexion / Horizontal adduction Main Agonist - C Pectorals / pectoralis major / (Anterior) deltoid (3) (ii) A Transverse / horizontal plane. do not accept any other terms B Longitudinal / vertical axis. accept first answer only (2) [5]

The figure below shows a basketball player completing a movement known as a jump shot. Complete the table below to identify the main agonist, the type of isotonic muscle contraction and the joint action at the hip during the movement from position A to position B. Main agonist - Type of muscle contraction - Joint action - (Total 3 marks)

Main agonist - A. Gluteus maximus / gluteals / hamstrings Type of muscle contraction - B. Concentric Joint action - C. Extension / hyper-extension A and C – accept first answer only B – Accept isotonic-concentric [3]

Running is an example of a physical activity that requires an efficient respiratory system. The image below shows the drive phase of the leg action while running. Position A Position B Using the image above, complete the table to identify the main agonist, the joint action and the type of contraction at the right ankle when moving from Position A to Position B. Right ankle movement from Position A to Position B Main agonist - Joint action - Type of contraction - (Total 3 marks)

Agonist – gastrocnemius First answer only Accept slight spelling lapses Not calf or soleus Joint action – plantar flexion Not flexion or dorsi – flexion Type of contraction – concentric / isotonic Not eccentric, isometric or isokinetic

Many performers use different weight-training exercises as a way of improving their overall fitness. The figure below shows a performer moving into a squat from Position A to Position B. Complete the table to identify the main agonist, the type of muscle contraction and the joint action at the hip joint during the isotonic movement from Position A to Position B. Hip joint Main agonist - Type of muscle contraction - Joint action - (Total 3 marks)

Hip Main agonist - A. Gluteals / hamstrings; Type of muscle contraction - B. Eccentric; Joint action - C. Flexion; Accept first term only A. Accept Latin names of individual muscles – biceps femoris / semitendinosus / semimembranosus / gluteus maximus B. No alternatives C. Accept extension to flexion [3]

The image below shows the movements involved as a player throws the ball on to the field of play during a game of rugby. Complete the table to identify the 'main agonist', the 'type of muscle contraction' and the 'joint action' at the elbow joint during the movement from Position A to Position B. Main agonist - Type of muscle contraction - Joint action - (Total 3 marks)

Triceps (brachii) - Accept 1st answer only; accept triceps; biceps is wrong! Concentric / isotonic Extension - Accept flexion to extension. [3]

The figure below shows a tennis player performing a forehand stroke. Using the figure above, complete the Table below to identify the main agonist and the joint action that occurs at the joints during the forehand stroke. Movement description Shoulder joint from A to C Main agonist Joint action Movement description Elbow joint from B to D Main agonist Joint action (Total 4 marks)

Movement description Shoulder joint from A to C Main agonist - Pectorals / (anterior) Deltoids Joint action - Horizontal flexion / horizontal adduction Movement description Elbow B-D Main agonist - Biceps (brachii) Joint Action - Flexion Either term – Accept pectoralis major – NOT pecs or delts. Not just flexion – Accept horizontal hyper-extension to flexion. Accept bicepts. Accept extension to flexion. [4]

In some games, players kick a ball to keep possession and / or to gain territory. The figure below shows a footballer kicking a ball. (i) What are the names of the ‘articulating bones’ of the knee joint? (2) (ii) In the figure above, what ‘joint action’ takes place at the knee of the kicking leg in the movement from position A to position B? (1) (iii) What is the name of the main ‘agonist’ that causes this action in the figure above? (1) (Total 4 marks)

(i) 2 marks for 2 of : First two answers Tibia; Femur. Do not accept fibula / patella / fibia / tibula. 2 (ii) First answer only Extension. Accept flexion to extension. 1 (iii) First answer only Quadriceps / rectus femoris. Do not accept quads. Accept all four muscles (v-intermedialis and v-medialis and v-lateralis and rectus femoris). 1 [4]

Weightlifters will follow a strength training programme to ensure that they perform their best in a competition. The figure below shows a weightlifter performing a squat. Using figure above, identify the ‘joint action’, ‘main agonist’ and the ‘type of muscle contraction’ occurring at the hip and ankle joints as the weightlifter moves from Position A to Position B. **Hip** Joint action - Main agonist - Type of muscle contraction - **Ankle** Joint action - Main agonist - Type of muscle contraction - (Total 5 marks)

Hip Action - Extension Agonist - Gluteals / hamstrings Type - N/A Ankle Action - Plantar flexion Agonist - Gastrocnemius Type - Concentric. isotonic First answers only. accept flexion to extension (do not accept hyperextension). accept gluteus maximus (do not accept glutes) / accept biceps femoris semi-membranosus / semi-tendinosus. do not accept flexion. do not accept calf or soleus. [5]

The figure below shows a games player running. The player’s left leg is driving him forward. For the movement occurring at the knee joint of the drive leg, name: (i) the ‘axis’ about which the movement is taking place (1) (ii) the main ‘agonist’ causing the movement (1) (iii) the ‘joint action’ taking place. (1) (Total 3 marks)

(i) Transverse axis / horizontal axis. 1 (ii) Quadriceps / rectus femoris. 1 (iii) Extension / flexion to extension. 1 [3]

The figure below shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand. Name the main ‘agonist’ at the elbow joint in the movement from position A to position B. (Total 1 mark)

Agonist – triceps (brachii). [1]

The figure below shows how a gymnast pushes up from a headstand to a handstand. Name the ‘type of muscle contraction’ taking place while the gymnast is stationary at position A and through the movement phase to position B. (Total 2 marks)

2 marks for 2 of : Position A – stationary – isometric; Position B – movement – isotonic / concentric. [2]

In order to perform to their potential, long jumpers must use their muscles and bones efficiently. The figure below shows a long jumper during the take-off phase of her jump. Using the figure above, complete the table below to identify: (i) the joint actions involved at the hip and ankle of the take-off leg as the performer leaves the board. (2) (ii) the names of the main agonists working at the knee and ankle. Joint - Hip (i) Joint Action - Joint - Knee (ii) Main Agonist - Joint - Ankle (i) Joint Action - (ii) Main Agonist - (2) (iii) Name, sketch and label the lever system operating at the ankle of the take-off foot. Lever system: (3) (Total 7 marks)

Joint - Hip (i) Joint Action - (Hyper) extension Joint - Knee (ii) Main Agonist - Quadriceps Joint - Ankle (i) Joint Action - Plantar Flexion (ii) Main Agonist - Gastrocnemius (iii) 2nd class / order; Resistance in middle; Fulcrum / pivot, resistance / load, force / effort correctly labelled.

Muscles often work in antagonistic pairs. Explain the term antagonistic pair, using the elbow joint as an example. [total 4 marks]

(sub max 2 marks) * The joint can flex and extend * During flexion, the biceps brachii acts as the agonist/prime mover * The muscle shortens [under tension] * The joint angle is reduced / flexion (sub max 2 marks) * The triceps brachii acts as the antagonist * It relaxes and lengthens * The coordination of the two muscle actions allows for smooth movement around the joint (accept opposite if extension is explained)