A&P Lecture exam 1 Flashcards
Define Homeostasis
property of a human biological system where the self regulating process tends to maintain the balance for the survival; body maintains a stable internal environment.
What is the hierarchy level from atom to organism?
from top to bottom, each being more complex than the next; hydrogen and oxygen atoms, water molecules, cellular level (form fluid and organelles), tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level (everything together to perform functions of the human body)
Define gross anatomy
the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
Define surface anatomy
study of the external features of the body
Define regional anatomy
study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen
Define systematic anatomy
the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system – a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function
Define microscope anatomy
structures that can not be seen without magnification
Define dissecting microscope
tissue structure
Define light microscope
basic detail of cell structure
Define electron microscope
individual molecules that are only a few nanometers across
Define cytology
the study of cells
Define histology
the study of tissues
Define physiology
the study of functions and how living organisms perform their vital functions
Define cell theory
cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals, cells are produced by divisions of pre-existing cells, cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions
Define anabolic reactions
building reactions and consume energy
Define catabolic reaction
breaks materials down and release energy
Failure to maintain homeostasis can lead to what?
Illness or death
Define homeostatic regulation
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environments that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous
What is included in the feedback systems
receptor, control center, and effector
Define receptor
detects changes in the environment
Define control center
determines the set point range
Define effector
the organ or gland that responds to control centers signal
Define negative feedback
maintains homeostasis for normal function
Define positive feedback
accelerates a process to completion; results in a change in the body’s status rather than return to homeostasis
Name two functions of the body cavities
protects organs from shock and impact; permit change in size and shape of organs
Define tissues
group of cells working together
What are the four primary tissues?
connective, muscle, epithelial, nervous
Define connective tissue
supports other tissues
Define nervous tissue
the ability to carry out action potentials
Define epithelial tissue
lines, covers, and makes up glands
Define muscle tisse
the ability to contract
Define tight junction
separates cell into apical and basal compartments;
Two epithelial cells form what?
a tight junction where there is no extracellular space between them which enables the epithelia to act as selective barriers
Define gap junctions
form an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells; allow electrical and metabolic coupling of adjacent cells, which coordinates functions in large groups of cells
What are the three anchoring junctions?
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and adherens
Define desmosomes
structural proteins on the inner surface of the cell’s membrane and are especially important in holding cells together
Define hemidesmosomes
half desmosome; link cells to the extracellular matrix
Define adherens
characterized by the presence of the contractile protein actin located on the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane
What tissue protects, detects sensations, produce secretion, and is selective permeable.
Epithelial
What tissue characteristics is avascular, polarity, has specific shape and layers, regenerative, and has complex connections
Epithelial
