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A&P Fall 2023 > A&P Final Lecture 1 Notes > Flashcards

A&P Final Lecture 1 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the capillary beds in the Kidney

A

Filter , reabsorb

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2
Q

What are the 3 major functions of the circulatory system?

A

-Transporting nutrients to tissue
-Transporting waste products away from tissues
- Transporting hormones: signaling

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3
Q

What is the waste product that is excreted through the kidney?

A

Protons

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4
Q

What are the hormones that are produced by the kidney that are singaling compounds ?

A
  • Renin (from the Renin – angiotensin system (RAS))
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
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5
Q

What are some examples of volume in the kidney and what are the measurements that are use?

A

Volume: blood, fluid, or plasma
Terms: Liters, Gallons, milliliter, microliliter

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6
Q

What is velocity in relation to the kidney and what are the measurements that are use?

A
  • distance of a fluid moved over time (distance / time)
  • speed of movement
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7
Q

Define pressure in relation to the kidney and where it is utilized per lecture?

A
  • required to drive movement of something somewhere
  • diffusion ( more pressure faster the movement)
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8
Q

Where do the pressure generate from?

A

Heart

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9
Q

Define area in relation to the kidney and how much surface area is in the cardiovascular system

A
  • The measurement of distance x distance (which is in meter squared)
    -500 sq/ meter or more surface area
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10
Q

What is the measuements used for blood flow and what is the example of measurements used by the heart

A
  • volume/ time
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11
Q

Vascular resistance determines_______ _______.

A

Blood flow

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12
Q

High vascular resistance = ___________ blood flow.
Low vascular resistance = ___________ blood flow.

A

low
high

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13
Q

Blood Flow and vascular resistance affects what?

A

Blood pressure

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14
Q

True or False, high vascular resistance makes it harder for blood to flow normally.

A

True

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15
Q

In regards to the cardiovascular system, what does the V, I and R represent in the formula V=IR?

A

V= (Voltage) blood pressure
I = (current) Blood flow
R = (Resistance) SVR

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16
Q

True or False. If flow and resistance goes up then pressure goes down.

A

True

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17
Q

SVR increase = pressure ________
SVR ________ = pressure decrease
CO _______ = pressure increase
CO decrease = pressure _________

A

Increase
decrease
increase
decrease

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18
Q

High resistance is equal to _________ conductance.
low resistance is equal to _________ conductance.

A

low
high

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19
Q

What is the law that determine blood flow through a tube?

A

Poiseulle’s law

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20
Q

What is vascular conductance

A

it is the inverse to vascular resistance

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21
Q

What are the 2 categories of the circulatory system

A

-Pulmonary
-Systemic

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22
Q

Which category of the circulatory system has higher resistance

A

System

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23
Q

Why is the left ventricle muscle thicker than the right?

A

due to pumping against resistance for a long period of time has the heart that typically enlarge the left side of the heart

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24
Q

What action takes place on the pulmonary circulatory system?

A

gas exchange

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25
Q

What is the pathway of blood once it leaves the left ventricle?

A
  1. Left ventricle ejects into the aorta
  2. pass through a series of large arteries (like the femoral and brachiocephalic arteries)
  3. proximal in the system circulation they get smaller as we get father away from the heart
  4. Smaller arteries feed into capillary beds that is regulated locally to determinehow much blood flow will be going through that organ tissue
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26
Q

What determines how much blood flow will be going through that organ tissue?

A

metabolic rate local level

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27
Q

Total tissue and organs vascular resistance = _____________.

A

blood pressure

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28
Q

High resistance in the system = cardiac output will be ______

________ resistance in the system = cardiac output will be higher

A

Lower
Lower

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29
Q

Directional terms in relation to the circulatory system: The heart will always be ________, and the capillary beds in the feet will be ________.

A

Proximal
distal

30
Q

What is the overall arrangement of the circulatory system regarding the arrangement of the tubes?

A
  • 1 tube end to end with another tube
  • Each tube has 1 resistance value tube
31
Q

What is a system in series in reverence to the overall arrangement of the circulatory system and how do it affect the movement through the tubes?

A

-Is placing a similar tube that also have some resistance end to end
-It can make the pumping more difficult
Rtotal (Total resistance) = sum of the individual resistance (R1 + R2 + R3…….)

32
Q

What is a system in parallel in reverence to the overall arrangement of the circulatory system and how do it affect the movement through the tubes?

A
  • Because we have a lot of different pathways that parallel connected
  • giving current 2 similar but different pathways it makes it easy for the current to flow and chose
  • Example: extra lane on the highway more traffic
  • 1/ Rtotal = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3………
33
Q

Where are some examples where you can find a system in parallel?

A
  • A lot different places that the blood can chose to go through (liver, kidney, and muscle)
34
Q

What are the characteristics of the capillaries?

A

-Nutrient exchange
-High surface area (in the body = 2500cm2)
- Billions of capillaries

35
Q

What is the cross sectional area of the vena cava and how does it affect the velocity of the blood?

A

-Combine total (Superior and Inferior Vena Cava) = 8 cm ^2
-Velocity of Blood movement into the Atria is low because the Vena cava (superior and inferior) have a large diameter
-Compared to the Aorta – blood comes out at a high velocity because it has a smaller cross-sectional area so it must move through at a faster velocity.

36
Q

What is the velocity of blood flow formula?

A

Velocity of blood flow = (Blood flow)/ (Cross Sectional Area)

37
Q

True or false High Velocity flow during systole

A

True

38
Q

Which of the 4 chambers has the highest pressure?

A

Ventricles

39
Q

Where do Oscillating pressures that occur during systole and diastole in the heart and what is the average pressures?

A

-Ventricles,
-Systolic: 80- 120 mmHg
-Diastolic: About the same as the Left Atria – single digit

40
Q

Circulatory system blood pressuure Profile

What happen to the blood pressure in the large arteries?

A
  • Oscillating pressure leads to wide pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic pressure)

-Occurs because the large arteries are stiffer

  • Overall MAP is about the same (MAP = 100)
41
Q

Circulatory system blood pressuure Profile

What happen to the blood pressure in the small arteries?

A

-Pressure starts to drop as you move to smaller arteries

-D/t branching of the system- blood flows into several different arteries

-BP drops as BP flows through resistance (most important)

-Aorta has little resistance and larger diameter that does not occlude blood flow, which leads to higher pressure`

-As we move through increases in resistance in the vasculature, we lose pressure. Think of pressure as energy and as the blood flows through points of increased resistance “…our energy gets zapped, and we lose energy”

42
Q

Circulatory system blood pressuure Profile

What happens to blood pressure in arterioles?

A
  • Lead into the capillaries
  • At the end of the arterioles the pressure is 30 mmHg
43
Q

Circulatory system blood pressuure Profile

What happen to the blood pressure at the capillaries?

A

-At the beginning of the capillary system, closes to the arterioles, (because they are larger) the pressure is 30 mmHg

-At the end of the systemic capillary is 10 mmHg

-Blood flow through the capillary will be determined by blood vessels immediately upstream

  • High resistance in the arteriole before the capillary will clamp off blood flow to the capillary causing a redirection of blood to an area that is needed while simultaneously conserves energy
44
Q

What is the big concept take away regarding circulatory blood flow from the heart to the capillary beds?

A

if we have a system with a lot of parallel pathways and if we’re running blood through our system, and we encounter resistance, the pressure in the tube declines distally. In a normal state, there is enough squeeze upstream to reduce our MAP as the blood moves from larger to smaller vessels. We have had a lot of vascular resistance from the heart to the smaller vessels that has been able to drop our pressure from 100 to 30 to 10 mmHg

45
Q

What happen to the blood pressure upstream and downstrem if we vasocontrict?

A

-If you were to squeeze all the small arteries, it would increase the pressure UPSTREAM
-DOWNSTREAM we would see a reduction in blood pressure (less pressure to perfuse in the periphery)

46
Q

What is the Delta P?

A

The pressure used to drive flow (the pressure on one side of the tube and the pressure on the other side of the tube)

47
Q

________ in Delta P = More blood flow
Decrease in Delta P = ________ blood flow

A

Increase in Delta P = More blood flow
Decrease in Delta P = Less blood flow

48
Q

What will happen to the Delta P, if the Elevated CVP, CVP= 15-20 and normally it is closer to Zero?

A

-Venous and capillary pressure will be higher than normal and now the Delta P is less than normal.
-Normally, the Delta P is +20 mmHg but with an increase in CVP that is 15-20x’s higher than normal the Delta P will be closer to Zero. No blood flow between the two ends of the tube.

49
Q

What are the key point to take away regarding systemic vascular resistance?

A
  • look to see what happens to systemic vascular resistance
    – it depends on where we are looking in relation to point of constriction, upstream or downstream
50
Q

What regulate cardiac output and how much is cardiac output for someone that 30 years old and 70kg ?

A
  • tissue demands: how many of your blood vessels are allowing flow to each of your organs
  • 5L /mins
51
Q

Describe blood flow
(laminar flow) through a healthy system and what depends on the flow rate?

A

-Laminar flow: smooth, even, not a whole lot of wasted energy or problems occurring here
- The flowrate depends of where the blood is in the tube so if we look at blood that’s real close to the wall of the tube its encountering resistance at the wall

52
Q

True or false the blood that is closer to the wall flows faster?

A

False

53
Q

Disorganized blood flow (turbulent flow) can cause clots to form and is a waste of energy. True or false

A

True

54
Q

Pertaining to poiseuille’s law, flow is proportional and what is it inversely proportional too?

A
    • consent pie, change in pressure flow, radius of the capillary to the 4th power
      -Small changes that we can do to diameter or radius typically have a huge impact on how much flow we have

2.
- Number 8 there, n is abbreviation for blood viscosity, the thicker/more viscous the blood is the harder it is to pump through the tube
-The length of the tube is also a determinant of how much flow we have.
-Long tube –> harder to pump blood through.

55
Q

What are the components that affects the Poiseuille’s Law:

A

-delta P
-Radius to 4th power
-blood viscosity
-length of vessel
-Q

56
Q

Flow can be abbreviated:

A

Flow can be abbreviated= Q, F, or I in ohms law

57
Q

What is the formula for Vascular resistance and what does the abbreviations means?

A

R = change of P/ F
R = resistance
Change or pie
F= flow

58
Q

If the resistance goes up what happen to the change in pressure and flow?

A

change in pressure goes up
flow goes down

59
Q

What is the formula of vascular conductance and what is it proportion ?

A
  1. 1/ resistance
  2. the diameter to the 4th power
    -Small change in diameter can have a huge change in resistance and therefore a huge change in conductance. Conductance is related to the diameter to the 4th power
60
Q

What is the name of the 2 ends of the capillaries and what are the pressures at each end

A

Arteriole, 30
Venule, 10

61
Q

What controls the blood flow through the capillaries by constricting and relaxing?

A

arterioles
-So if we have lots of activity: lots of CO2 and acid being produced, lots of oxygen being consumed typically the arteriole can look at those items and when CO2 levels rise typically these blood vessels relax and they increases perfusion of the area.

62
Q

What is the layer of the blood vessel that is controlling the SVR?

A

Endothelium

63
Q

What allows waste products and nutrients to move in and out of the capillaries?

A

simple diffusion, that is driven by the pressure gradient

64
Q

What forces / pressures determine the net movement in and out of the capillary given and example and the values?

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure in Capillary
    • blood pressure of the fluid (30mmhg)
  • Hydrostatic pressure in ISF
    • blood pressure outside the capillary (-3mmhg)
  • Capillary Colloid osmotic pressure, oncotic pressure (28mmhg)
    • collection of protein in the inside of the capillary
  • interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure (8mmhg)
  • collection of proteins in the outside of the capillary
65
Q

Looking at the 2 starling forces hydrostatic pressure in Capillary and hydrostatic pressure in ISF what is the movement of the fluid.

A

out the capillary

66
Q

What starling forces help you you keep your fluids in your system

A

Capillary Colloid osmotic pressure (28mmgh)

67
Q

What starling force is caused by proteins outside the capillary and how would it affect the fluid?

A
  1. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure
  2. pulling fluid out
68
Q

At what end of the capillaries is the fluid filtered?

A

beginning of the arterial

69
Q

At what end of the capillaries is the fluid reabsorb?

A

End of the arterial

70
Q

What happen to membrane permeability if you have an infection and how that affects the fluid?

A

-If you have an infection that opens the capillary permeability your loss the osmotic pressure that is related to that
- loss fluid, volume

71
Q

How do the kidney balance removing what we don’t need but maintain balance?

A

Filter it but do not reabsorb it

72
Q

The kidney’s capillaries are set up in a system in _______ to filter and ________ things out the body.

A

Series , resasborb

A&P Fall 2023 (7 decks)

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