A & P Exam 2 (chapter 4,5,6) Flashcards
Study for Exam 2 in A&P
Where is epithelial tissue found in the body?
Epithelial tissue appears as large sheets of cells covering all surfaces of the body exposed to the external environment and lining internal body cavities.
Does epithelial tissue have a blood supply?
No, epithelial tissue does not have a blood supply.
How are epithelial cells arranged?
Epithelial cells are closely packed with very little matrix.
How is epithelial tissue classified by layers?
Simple: single layer
Stratified: many layers
Pseudostratified: falsely stratified
How are the 4 epithelial tissue classified by shape?
Squamous: flattened shape (looks like a fried egg)
Cuboidal: square (cube)
Columnar: rectangular
Transitional: changes shape
What are the characteristics of simple squamous epithelium?
Single layer of flattened cells with large nuclei in the center.
What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?
Filtration and diffusion.
Where is simple squamous epithelium located?
Walls of capillaries, alveoli of lungs, and endothelium in blood vessels.
What are the characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nucleus.
What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Secretion and absorption.
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
Kidney tubule, liver, thyroid, mammary gland, and ovaries.
What are the characteristics of simple columnar epithelium?
Cells are longer than wide with the nucleus near the bottom of the cell.
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
Secretion and absorption.
Where is simple columnar epithelium located?
Lining of the uterus, uterine tubes, stomach, and intestines.
What are the special features of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Cilia and goblet cells.
Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium located?
Respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi, portions of male reproductive tract, and large ducts of some glands.
What are the two types of stratified squamous epithelium?
Keratinized and nonkeratinized.
Where is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium located?
Epidermis, palms, and soles.
Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium located?
Tongue, mouth, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina.
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protection, sweat secretion, secretion of ovarian hormones, and production of sperm.
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium located?
Sweat gland ducts, egg-producing follicles in the ovary, and seminiferous tubules in the testis
How many layers thick is stratified columnar epithelium?
2 or more layers thick
Where is stratified columnar epithelium located?
Male urethra, parts of pharynx, parts of larynx, and parts of the anal canal.
What are the characteristics of stratified transitional epithelium?
Surface cells are rounded, 5-6 layers thick when relaxed, and 2-3 layers when stretched.
Where is stratified transitional epithelium located?
Part of the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, part of the urethra, and external surface of the umbilical cord.
What is the function of stratified transitional epithelium?
Stretching to allow filling of the urinary tract.
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands are ductless, while exocrine glands secrete products either directly onto body surfaces or through ducts.
What are unicellular glands?
Mucous cells and goblet cells that secrete mucin, which eventually forms mucus.
How are multicellular glands classified?
Based on structure (simple or compound) and type of secretion (merocrine, holocrine, or apocrine).
What is merocrine secretion?
Secretion of the product by exocytosis (e.g., most sweat glands).
What is holocrine secretion?
Release of the product and the cell (e.g., sebaceous glands).
What is exocytosis (this is a long one)
Exocytosis is a natural process in which cells transport molecules from within the cell to the outside space. During exocytosis, vesicles containing fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents outside the cell.
What is apocrine secretion?
Release of the product and a ‘pinch’ of the cell (e.g., mammary glands).
Name all 3 types of blood cells
Erythrocytes (red)
Leukocytes (white)
Thrombocytes (platelets)
What’s the liquid portion of blood
Plasma
Functions of blood
Transportation of gases, nutrients, and wastes, chemicals signals, heat, clotting, and defense against disease.
Characteristics of muscle tissue?
Important source of Body heat, responds to stimulant by contracting.
What does the word muscle mean
Little mouse
Three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle.
Characteristics of Nervous Tissue
- Highly developed characteristic called excitability (respond to stimuli)
- Consists of neurons and neuroglia
- Nerve cells consist of dendrites (incoming signals), soma (cell body), and a single axon (outgoing signals)
- Nerve cells respond to stimuli
- Neuroglia protect and assist nerve cells
What does cartilage do
Provides support, framework, attachments, protection, and a template for developing bone
What Contains chondroblasts that secrete the matrix?
Cartilage
3 types of cartilage? (Make sure you know what each one does as well)
Hyaline, elastic (ear), and Fibrocartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
most abundant, found at ends of bones, forms template for most bones, has no visible fibers, and has lacunae scattered through matrix
elastic cartilage
makes up ear, forms epiglottis, has lacunae, chondrocytes, chondroblasts, visible elastic fibers in matrix
fibrocartilage
found between vertebrae (intervertebral discs), found a junction of pubic bones (symphysis pubis), meniscus of knee, has visible parallel
collagenous fibers
what is the most rigid tissue
bone tissue
Another name for bone tissue
osseus tissue
Bone tissue forms osteons. What system are these associated with?
Haversian system
what are osteons?
the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone. Osteons are roughly cylindrical structures in bone.
An osteon contains:
central canal, canaliculi, lamella, lacunae, and either osteocytes (mature) or osteoblasts (immature, forms bone). One other tissue type is the osteoclast (breaks down bone)
loose connective tissue is also known as?
areolar tissue
loose connective tissue is very widespread. True or False?
True
Where can you find Loose connective tissue
under all epithelium, surrounds blood vessels and nerves, found in esophagus, trachea, found in fascia between muscles
What YouTube channel should you go watch to learn this shit.
Crash Course A & P (I’m fr it helps a lot there’s a video for literally everything)
Learn your Integumentary system. you should have learned it in A & P lab so there’s no flashcards for it in here, but make sure you know it. This WILL be on the test.
Good boy
Functions of loose connective tissue.
loosely binds epithelium to deeper tissues, allows passage of nerves and blood vessels through other tissues
Fat is also known as?
Adipose tissue
adipocytes store what
fat
where is adipose tissue found
beneath skin, in spaces between muscle, breast tissue, surrounds organs like heart and kidney
What are the characteristics of reticular connective tissue?
Forms the stroma (background) of soft organs, lymph nodes, bone marrow. Contains reticular fibers and fibroblast cells, lymphocytes, and other blood cells.
Where is reticular connective tissue located?
Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow.
What are the characteristics of dense regular connective tissue?
Collagenous fibers in parallel bundles with fibroblasts in rows between bundles. Few blood vessels
Where is dense regular connective tissue located?
Tendons (connect muscle to bone) and ligaments (connect bone to bone).
What are the characteristics of dense irregular connective tissue?
Randomly arranged collagenous fibers.
Where is dense irregular connective tissue located?
Joint capsules, binds the skin to muscle, forms capsules around organs like the kidney and spleen, forms tough sheaths around bones, nerves, and cartilage.
What are the characteristics and locations of elastic connective tissue?
Contains yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands or branching networks with fibroblasts. Found in attachments between vertebrae (ligamentum flava), walls of hollow organs, vocal cords, heart, and larger airways, walls of large and medium arteries.
What are the characteristics of cartilage and its types?
Provides support, framework, attachments, protection, and a template for developing bone. Contains chondroblasts that secrete the matrix.
Pyrimidine that binds with guanine
cytosine
Purine that binds with thymine
adenine
Pyrimidine that binds with adenine
thymine
Purine that binds with cytosine
guanine
Which two nitrogenous bases are classified as purines?
adenine and guanine (if it ends with nine it’s a purine)
It is possible to predict the sequence of one strand of DNA if we know the sequence of the complementary strand. T or F
True
The coding portion of DNA contains genes that constitute about 98% of the DNA. T or F
false
Which of the following are components of nucleotides?
Nitrogenous bases
Phosphate groups
Amino acids
Proteins
Sugars (ribose or deoxyribose)
Nitrogenous bases
Phosphate groups
Sugars (ribose or deoxyribose)
tRNA is short for
transfer RNA
Which of the following can be considered the essential function of RNA?
To use the instructions coded in DNA to synthesize proteins
The law of complementary base pairing states that a cell can do which of the following?
Reproduce one strand of DNA based on information in the other
During DNA replication, the new short segments of DNA in one of the strands are joined together by the enzyme DNA
DNA ligase
The 22,300 genes of the human make up about what percent of DNA?
2%
rRNA is short for what
Ribosomal
Chromosomes shorten and thicken during ______.
prophase
After DNA replication, each daughter DNA consists of one new helix synthesized from free nucleotides and one old helix conserved from the parental DNA. What is this process called?
Semiconservative replication
During metaphase, the spindle fibers form a lemon-shaped array called the______spindle.
Mitotic
Daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
The new nuclear envelopes forms, new nucleoli appear, and the mitotic spindle vanishes during which phase of mitosis?
telephase
The chromosomes are seen as fully aligned on the cell equator during which phase of mitosis?
metaphase
As cytokinesis progresses, an indentation between the future cells forms. This is known as what?
Cleavage furrow
The division of the cytoplasm to form two cells is called
cytokinesis
During anaphase of mitosis, daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. T or F
true
Chromosomes begin to uncoil during which phase of mitosis?
telophase
Which term refers to a type of chart that organizes chromosomes in order by size and other physical features?
Karyotype
Cells contain pairs of chromosomes. Since they are the same size and shape and also code for the same information, each pair of chromosomes is called?
homologous chromosomes.
Cytokinesis overlaps with Blank______.
telophase
The X and Y chromosomes are referred to as
sex chromosomes
A normal karyotype of a human contains how many pairs of chromosomes?
23 pairs
Chromosomes shorten and thicken during Blank______.
prophase
Why are sperm and egg cells said to be haploid?
they contain 23 unpaired chromosomes
A female normally has ______ chromosomes
Two X
Autosomes are all chromosomes except
x and y (sex)
Which term refers to the expression of genes as an observable trait (such as eye color)?
Phenotype
Which term refers to a type of chart that organizes chromosomes in order by size and other physical features?
Karyotype
An individual with different alleles at a loci on homologous chromosomes is said to be Blank______ for that trait.
heterozygous
In humans, sperm and egg cells are haploid, meaning they contain a total of 23 unpaired chromosomes. The other cells in the body are
because they contain 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total).
diploid
Which term refers to a person who has a recessive allele that is not expressed phenotypically?
Carrier
Which type of allele will mask the expression of a recessive allele in a heterozygote?
dominant
what does a punnett square do
show the expected outcome of a single mating
An individual with type AB blood has both blood type alleles IA and IB, and therefore expresses both A and B proteins on the surface of their erythrocytes. This occurs because the alleles are which of the following?
Codominant
Polygenic
Incompletely dominant
Pleiotropic
Both recessive
Homozygous
codominant
Albinism in humans is a recessive trait. T or F
true
Learn how to use a Punnett square so u don’t fail and not get into nursing school
good job
What term describes the inheritance of a trait in which the heterozygote has an intermediate expression between either allele?
incomplete dominance
Collagenous fibers are very abundant in _________.
tendons, ligaments, and the deeper portion of the skin
Adipose connective tissue is a type of dense connective tissue. true or false
false
Which type of connective tissue is abundant in the walls of arteries, and in the airway?
elastic tissue
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of _________blank tissue.
epithelial
Where are chondrocytes and osteocytes located?
In lacunae
Which of the following is not a feature that connective tissues have in common?
Very conspicuous fibers
The presence of fibroblasts
The presence of collagen
Ground substance with a gelatinous to rubbery consistency
A calcified matrix
a calcified matrix
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface, is called _________blank epithelium.
simple columnar
Which of the following is not a feature that almost all connective tissues have in common?
Most cells are not in direct contact with each other.
Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope.
Cells usually occupy less space than the extracellular material.
Protein fibers are usually present in the ground substance.
Most connective tissues are highly vascular.
Ground substance is so scarce that it is not visible with a light microscope
Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements.
True or False
false
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?
smooth muscle
In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix.
True or False
true
Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin.
True or False
False
Which of the following is not a feature of epithelia?
Avascular
Specialized intercellular junctions
Abundant extracellular material
Polarity
Basement membrane
Abundant extracellular material
Connective tissues contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another.
True or False
false
The clear gel inside a cell is called _________
cytosol
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _________?
hyperextensable joints
Neurons usually have multiple short, branched processes called _________, which receive signals from other cells and conduct messages to the _________.
axons; dendrites
nerve fibers; dendrites
nerve fibers; glial cells
dendrites; cell body
neuroglia; cell body
dendrites; cell body
Most kidney tubules are made of _________blank epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
simple columnar
stratified columnar
pseudostratified columnar
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
simple cuboidal
A brush border of microvilli is found in _________blank epithelium, which can be found in the _________blank.
pseudostratified; nasal cavity
simple cuboidal; esophagus
simple columnar; small intestine
stratified squamous; anal canal
stratified squamous; esophagus
simple columnar; small intestine
