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a&p 1 > a&p exam #1 > Flashcards

a&p exam #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is positive feedback and an example of it

A

mechanisms can only increase the effect of the stimulus-no built in slow down mechanism. just increased production…. often dependent upon external event to stop.

ex. when you cut finger positive feedback contributed to the rapid formation of a platelet plugging an injured blood vessel. inured area attracts more platelets then platelet attracts more platelets to plug the cut.

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2
Q

what is homeostasis and how does negative and positive feedback control it

A

homeostasis is the maintenance of relatively constant internal conditions

feedback mechanisms allow body to exist in state of equilibrium when changes to homeostasis cancel eachother out

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3
Q

what is vellus hair

A

fine hairs over most of body surface
“peach fuzz”

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4
Q

what are the parts of regulatory/homeostatic pathway

A

RECEPTOR: acts as sensor which is triggered by particular change (ex. temp)

CONTROL CENTER: receives info from receptor & relays directions for specific actions to restore homeostasis

EFFECTOR: reacts to commands from the control center and preforms the actions that will restore homeostasis

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5
Q

what is homeostasis

A

creation and maintenance of the ideal environment for cellular activities

(98.6 F)
(7.35 PH)

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6
Q

steps of skin regeneration

A

HOMEOSTASIS: blood clotting

INFLAMMATORY: scabbing

PROLIFERATION: fibroblasts proliferating

REMODELING: freshly healed epidermis & dermis

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7
Q

what are the skin pigments

A

melanin
carotene
hemoglobin

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8
Q

what are the layers of skin

A

EPIDERMIS: outermost layer of skin. provided waterproof barrier & created skin tone

DERMIS: beneath epidermis, contains tough connective tissue, hair follicles, & sweat glands

DEEPER SUBCUTANEOUS: made of fat & connective tissue

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9
Q

structure and function of skeletal system

A

STRUCTURE: axial skeleton (central core unit; skull, vertebrae, ribs sternum) and appendicular skeleton(bones of extremities)

FUNCTION: gives body shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection from organs

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10
Q

structure and function of integumentary system

A

STRUCTURE: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
associated w/ glands, hair and nails

FUNCTION: body temp regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of vitamin d, detection of stimuli

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11
Q

structure and function of skin

A

STRUCTURE: skin has 3 layers. emidermis, dermis, and deeper subcutaneous tissue.

FUNCTION: largest organ that protects against germs, regulates body temp. and enables touch sensation

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12
Q

types of skin cancer

A

melanoma
basal cell
squamous cell carcinoma

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13
Q

how does the body protect itself from UV light

A

body releases melanin which absorbs UVB rays to protect other cells nearby. carotene also helps protect against harmful rays

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14
Q

what is acne and what causes it

A

when hair follicles become plugged w oil and dead skin cells, it causes acne

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15
Q

function of apocrine sweat glands

A

emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract, expelling the fatty sweat secretion to the skin.

secretes through decapitation which entails membrane budding of the apical cytoplasm

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16
Q

characteristics and location of epithelial tissue

A

LOCATION: found in all internal and external surfaces of the body. lines body cavities and hollow organs. is the major tissue in glands

CHARACTERISTICS: polarity, cell sheets, cell junction, basement membrane, nerve innervation, lack of blood cells

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17
Q

characteristics and location of connective tissue proper

A

LOCATION: directly beneath the epidermis of the skin

CHARACTERISTICS: an abundance of intercellular matrix w/ few cells. collagen fibers, reticular fibers, elastin fibers

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18
Q

what are the two types of skin

A

THIN: 4 layers of keratinocytes (covers most the body)

THICK: 5 layers of keratinocytes(covers palms of hands and soles of feet)

B: stratum basale
S: stratum spinosum
G: stratum granulosum
L: stratum lucidum
o
C: stratum corneum

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19
Q

what do krause end bulbs do

A

detect cold

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20
Q

eccrine glands structure/function

A

STRUCTURE: simple coiled glands (smaller coils than apocrine glands)

FUNCTION: help regulate temp. of the body

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21
Q

insensible perspiration

A

-occurs from skin and respiratory tract
-no solutes are lost during this
-main source of heat loss in the body
-fluid loss by evaporation

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22
Q

cells found in skin & their function

A

KERATINOCYTES: full of protein, keratin, tough and waterproof

MELANOCYTES: makes skins pigment

LANGERHANS: prevent things from getting into skin

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23
Q

apocrine sweat gland structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: made of epithelial tissues. coiled structure in dermis and straight duct that connects this structure to surface of epidermis

FUNCTION: emotional stress causes the tubule wall to contract which expels the fatty secretion to the skin where local bacteria breaks it down into odorous fatty acids

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24
Q

epithelial polarity

A

epithelial cells are apical, lateral and sit on basement membranes

apical surfaces, lateral domains

separated by adherents and tight junctions

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25
Q

what is fascia?

A

a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber, and muscle in place. layers of connective tissue that support the organs

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26
Q

types of fascia and where they’re found

A

SUPERFICIAL FASCIA: areolar and adipose tissue that separates skin from tissues and organs

DEEP FASCIA: dense irregular connective tissue arranged in sheets,surrounds organ capsules and covers bone/muscle

SUBSEROUS FASCIA: areolar tissue that separates serous membranes from deep fascia

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27
Q

4 basic types of tissues found in the body

A

connective tissue

epithelial tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

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28
Q

sensible perspiration

A

occurs because of eccrine sweat glands

when body temp. rises, sympathetic nervous system stimulates the eccrine sweat glands to secrete water to the skin surface where it cools the body by evaporation

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29
Q

what are the functions of the integumentary system

A

includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis & is associated to glands, hair, and nails.

HELPS W/ BODY TEMP. REGULATION, CELL FLUID MAINTENANCE, SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN D & DETECTION OF STIMULI

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30
Q

function of desmosomes and where they’re found

A

allows cells to be pulled, pushed, or moved against eachother while maintaining integrity of tissue.

acts as spot welds or rivets(keeping cells in proper alignment)

FOUND IN CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE, BLADDER TISSUE, GASTROINTESTINAL MUCOSA & EPITHELIA

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31
Q

fibers in connective tissue and what they do

A

COLLAGEN: most common type of fiber in connective tissue. flexible but strong, straight and unbranched. make up bulls of tendons and ligaments. holds connective tissue together during movement.

RETICULAR: thinner than collagen fibers, forms a lattice or network by branching. aids in stabilizing positions of cells and vessels in organs.

ELASTIC: branched wavy fiber that can stretch and return to their original shape. allows stress and recoil

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32
Q

mammary glands function

A

secrete milk

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33
Q

ceruminous glands location and function

A

protection of ear canal against physical damage and microbial invasion

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34
Q

eccrine sweat glands function

A

discharge a watery fluid onto the surface of the skin

35
Q

function of tight junctions and where they’re found

A

don’t allow materials to pass between the cells

in areas like intestines, tight junctions force materials in the lumen(the open tubular space of the intestine) to pass through the apical surface of the calls by blocking any passage past the sides

FOUND IN EPITHELIA

36
Q

apocrine sweat glands functions

A

secretes a thick, odorous fluid into hair follicles

37
Q

structure of hair

A

HAIR ROOT: anchors hair into skin

HAIR BULB: expanded base of hair root

HAIR PAPILLA: connective tissue w/ capillaries & nerves surrounded by the root

HAIR SHAFT: portion of hair above surface of the sKin

MEDULLA: core of the hair shaft, has flexible soft keratin

CORTEX: surrounds the medulla, has layers of inflexible hard keratin

CUTICLE: external layer of hair, thin layer of hard keratin

38
Q

function of intercalated discs and where they’re found

A

represent the undulating double membranes where two cells are tightly bound together by desmosomes and connected by gap junctions. allows electrical impulse conduction from cell to cell

FOUND WITHIN CARDIAC MUSCLE

39
Q

what is lanugo hair

A

fine and silky fetal hair

40
Q

eccrine sweat gland function

A

secretes water to the skin surface where heat is removed by evaporation. secretes water through sweat pores.

41
Q

what are terminal hairs

A

-heavy more deeply pigmented thick hair
-can be curly

42
Q

what is physiology

A

study of the function of anatomy of organisms and how different organisms work together from cellular to whole organism level

CELL PHYSIOLOGY
ORGAN PHYSIOLOGY
SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGICAL PHYSIOLOGY

43
Q

what is anatomy

A

study of body structures, both internal and external. examination of physical parts of body that can be seen with naked eye all the way down to structure so small that only a microscope can see

GROSS ANATOMY
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

44
Q

reproductive system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE:
woman(ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina)
men(prostate, testes, penis)

FUNCTION: to produce egg and sperm cells for reproduction

45
Q

exocrine vs. endocrine glands

A

EXOCRINE: secrete substances into a ductal system to an epithelial surface

ENDOCRINE: secretes products directly into the blood stream

46
Q

characteristics and location of nervous tissue

A

CHARACTERISTICS: sends and receives information, automatic response, transmits signals

LOCATION: brain, spinal cord, nerves

47
Q

characteristics and location of muscle tissue

A

CHARACTERISTICS: contractability, elasticity, extensibility, support, protection, heat generation and blood circulation

LOCATION: hollow visceral organ walls except the heart

48
Q

characteristics and location of bone

A

CHARACTERISTICS: support, protection, movement, mineral storage and hematopoiesis

LOCATION: throughout the body

49
Q

urinary system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, urethra

FUNCTION: remove waste products/medicines from the body. filters blood

50
Q

sebaceous(oil) glands

A

discharged as sebum through the sebaceous duct connecting the gland to the hair follicle

51
Q

sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)

A

secretes substances into an epithelial surface

52
Q

digestive system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE:
GI tract starts at mouth> esophagus>stomach>small intestine>large intestine>anus
liver, pancreas, gallbladder

FUNCTION: help body break down and absorb food

53
Q

characteristics and location of cartilage

A

CHARACTERISTICS: thin, avascular, flexible and resistant to compressive forces

LOCATION: where two bones meet in the body also at the ends of all bones that form joints

54
Q

structure and function of respiratory system

A

STRUCTURE: airway, lungs, muscles of respiration

FUNCTION: helps you breathe. moves oxygen throughout body and cleans out waste gases (ex. carbon dioxide)

55
Q

structure and function of lymphatic system

A

STRUCTURE: large network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphoid organs and lymphoid tissue, spleen

FUNCTION: maintain fluid levels in body tissues by removing fluids that leak out of blood vessels (filtration)

56
Q

structure and function of cardiovascular system

A

STRUCTURE: heart, veins, arteries, capillaries

FUNCTION: delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones and other important substances to cells and organs

57
Q

endocrine system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands

FUNCTION: releases hormones into bloodstream

58
Q

nervous system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: brain, spinal cord, nerves

FUNCTION: transmits information by sending signals to brain, controls movements, automatic response.

59
Q

muscular system structure and function

A

STRUCTURE: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle

FUNCTION: contractibility, responsible for movement

60
Q

epidermal growth factor

A

involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell division and survival

a protein made by many cells that causes cells to grow and differentiate

produced by salivary glands and duodenal glands

stimulates secretion by epithelial glands

accelerates keratinization

promote division of basal cells

61
Q

themes of A&P

A

homeostasis

structure and function of body

levels of organization

integration of systems

62
Q

functions of gap junctions and where they’re found

A

form passageways between cells and allow exchange of materials in the cytoplasm

found in virtually all cells in solid tissue

63
Q

what do ruffini endings do

A

detect stretch, deformation within joints and warmth

64
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

sensory receptors for vibration and deep touch pressure, detects transiet pressure/high frequency

65
Q

merkel cells

A

found right below the epidermis, cells that are close to nerve endings that receive sensation of touch
sense light touch

66
Q

major membranes of body cavities

A

DORSAL BODY CAVITY: dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter

VENTRAL BODY CAVITY: various serous membranes

PLEURA: membrane that lines pericardial cavity(lungs)

PERICARDIUM: membrane that lines the pericardial cavity (heart)

PERITONEUM: membrane lines the peritoneal cavity, abdomino pelvic cavity and many organs

67
Q

parietal vs. visceral membranes

A

PARIETAL: lines the body cavities (outer membrane)

VISCERAL: lines the outer part of the organs within the body cavity (inner membrane)

68
Q

atomical position

A

arms down w/ palms facing forward

feet flat together on floor

head held straight

eyes facing forward

69
Q

dorsal and ventral cavity

A

DORSAL: cranial(brain), vertebral(spinal cord)

VENTRAL: Thorastic(pericardial-heart) & (pleural-lungs)
Abdomiopelvic (stomach, large/small intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen)
Pelvic( bladder, reproductive, terminal end of large intestine)

70
Q

intrinsic regulation vs. extrinsic regulation

A

INTRINSIC: when organs are able to maintain homeostasis in their own (ex. heart controlling heart rate)

EXTRINSIC: organs are controlled by outside system such as endocrine or nervous system.

extrinsic systems are capable of overriding intrinsic systems

71
Q

what is negative feedback and an example

A

mechanisms are self regulating. they slow down or speed up metabolic pathways in response to stimulus, and their response ends up negating or removing the effect of the stimulus which then stops feedback response.

EX. BODY TEMP INCREASES> SWEATING ACTIVATED> BODY TEMP DECREASES

72
Q

relationship of form/function a&p

A

form: how the (body) is put together-bones, muscles, tendons and ligaments
Then onto the organ structure, down to the cellular level.

Function: how (the body) works
What does it do? Ex. Structure of an organ- the largest in the human body epidermis(skin).

Function regulates body temperature, expands to allow body movement, cools the body temperature, houses nerve endings, enabling to feel pressure or pain.

73
Q

levels of organization

A

cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

74
Q

ABCDE of skin cancer

A

A: asymmetry
B:border
C: color
D: diameter
E: evolving

75
Q

Types of burns

A

1ST DEGREE: (superficial burn)
-only effect epidermis

2ND DEGREE: (partial thickeness)
-epidermis and part of dermis

3RD DEGREE:(full thickness)
-destroyes epidermis and dermis

76
Q

how does skin respond to injury and repair itself

A

Red blood cells help create collagen fibers.

The wound starts to fill in with new tissue, called granulation tissue.

New skin begins to form over this tissue. As the wound heals, the edges pull inward and the wound gets smaller.

77
Q

how are nails formed:

A

Nails start in the nail root

When cells at the root of the nail grow, the new nail cells push out the old nail cells.

These old cells flatten and harden, thanks to keratin, a protein made by these cells.

The newly formed nail then slides along the nail bed, the flat surface under your nails.

78
Q

how is hair produced

A

Hair grows by forming new cells at the base of the root. These cells multiply to form a rod of tissue in the skin. The rods of cells move upward through the skin as new cells form beneath them. As they move up, they’re cut off from their supply of nourishment and start to form a hard protein called keratin.

79
Q

how does cartilage grow interstitially

A

In interstitial growth, chondrocytes secrete new matrix within the cartilage and this causes it to grow in length.

80
Q

formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells)
leukocytes (white blood cells)
thrombocytes (platelets)

81
Q

Merocrine Mode of Secretion

A

Exocytosis: cell remains intact and continuously secretes the cellular secretion
Sweat Glands: eccrine, apocrine

82
Q

Aprocrine Mode of Secretion

A

apical portion pinches off and leaves duct
mammary glands

83
Q

Holocrine Mode of Secretion

A

cell bursts; death
sebaceous glands: hair follicles

a&p 1 (11 decks)

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