A&P - Endo and OB Flashcards
During a vasectomy, what is cut to prevent the sperm from traveling from the epididymis and the urethra?
Vas Deferens
Why is the blood-testes barrier important?
Spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system
What does the cremaster muscle & dorsal muscle do?
Help regulate the temp of the testis
Your patient presents with complaints of pelvic pain and mild spotting during early pregnancy. You measure quantitative human chronic gonadotropin (hCG) levels which are doubling appropriately, she is likely in what stage of pregnancy?
Implantation
What makes up the majority of semen?
Seminal Vesicle
What system does the anterior pituitary use?
Hypophyseal System
What is released during the fight or flight phase and where?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine. Adrenal Medulla
This is used in the negative feedback loop with GH regulation?
IGF
What occurs after ovulation?
Hormones decrease in the corpus luteum
26 yo male with big hands and feet. What does he have?
Acromegaly
What HM is released from the thyroid and lowers calcium levels?
Calcitonin
What is the term used to describe when the placenta grows deeply into the uterine wall?
Placenta Accreta - Chronic Villi
What is the greatest risk for (testicular something) infertility? in young males?
Undescended testes
Which thyroid HM is typically measured 1st?
Free
Which HM controls the let-down reflex?
Oxytocin
Cryptorchidism causes difficulties with
Fertility
What HM controls milk PRODUCTION?
Prolactin
Recent head injury, pt presents with excessive urination and excessive thirst (polyuria, polydipsia). His glucose levels are normal. Plasma sodium is VERY elevated. What caused this?
Damage to the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
Cannot enter the cell without using G-protein receptors?
Water soluble hormones, secondary messenger
Short stature
Dwarfism
64 yr old woman + hot flashes + sleep issues?
Menopause
Explain the regulation that occurs in Type 2 Diabetic
Down-Regulation (decrease in the number of receptors on the surface of target cells, making cells less sensitive to insulin
Woman with big eyes (exophthalmos), weight loss?
Graves Disease
Where does the production of sperm occur?
Testes and Seminiferous Tubules
What controls uterine contraction?
Oxytocin
Stress, anterior pituitary, what HM?
ACTH
Uterus tissue implants elsewhere - what disease?
Endometriosis
Where does fertilization occur?
Fallopian Tubes
What happens to the testes when it’s hot outside?
Testes drop
What mother produces in the first days of lactation, mainly IGA Antibodies?
Colostrum
What is the main glucocorticoid released from the zona faciculata layer in the adrenal cortex?
Cortisol
Cortium luteum has already impacted, what hormone SUSTAINS it?
hCG
What happens right after ovulation?
Luteal Phase
Pt asks intoxicated but is not drunk, how could this happen and what do you do?
hypoglycemia, increase glucagon
Non-diabetic patient comes in and hasn’t ate breakfast or lunch, what should they be given?
Glucagon
What controls calcium and bone break down?
Parathyroid HM
What do you want to counsel on if you do not want to get pregnant? Don’t have sex during what time period?
24 hrs after ovulation
Corpus Luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting which HM?
Progesterone
What hormone is synthesized from cholesterol?
Testosterone
Which of the following phases or processes in the female reproductive cycle occurs simultaneously?
regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion
What has a SLOW but long lasting effect?
Hormone
These type of HMs bind intracellulary to alter DNA transcription and translation and “turn on” the cell?
Steroids
HM release secondary to decreased levels of calcium is called ?
Humoral
T3 and T4 inhibit TRH and TSH. but what also inhibits TH secretion?
Growth HM
These types of HMs bind extracellullary to G-protein receptors?
Amino Acids
HM stimulation from the anterior pituitary to the thyroid is an example of what?
Hormonal
Adrenal release of epinephrine is mediated by what type of control?
Neural
The half life, onset, and duration of hormone activity depends on what?
Solubility
In type 2 diabetes, there is a ? regulation of insulin receptors on cells causing insulin resistance
down
Insulin and glucagon are examples of hormone _ ?
Antagonism
Calcitonin and PTH are examples of hormone _ ?
Antagonism
With LOW calcium levels, you would expect PTH to be ? and calcitonin to be ?
PTH high and Calcitonin low
Which 2 HMs stimulate the liver to release glucose?
Epinephrine and Glucose
Neurohypophysis is a characteristic of the ?
Posterior Pituitary
Adenohyphyophysis is a characteristic of the ?
Anterior Pituitary
Where is oxytocin and ADH secreted?
Posterior Pituitary
ADH is secreted by the ? neurons and Oxytocin is produced by the ? neurons
ADH - Supraoptic, Oxytocin - Paraventricular
What HM acts as a NT and is responsible for contractions and milk ejection during breastfeeding?
Oxytocin
Damage to supraoptic neurons of the posterior pituitary will result in abnormal levels of ?
ADH
GH, secreted by the anterior pituitary, is responsible for ? (5)
- Glycogenesis
- Ghrelin for hunger
- Increased fatty acids
- Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
- Stimulation of bone growth
Osmoreceptors of the hypothalamus sense high solute concentrations causing ADH _ ? (Vasopressin)
Secretion
Does hypoglycemia increase or decrease GH release?
Increase
Does somatostatin increase or decrease GH release?
Decrease
GH induces the production of?
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)
Does ghrelin increase or decrease GH release?
Increase
Cortisol is the highest at what time?
AM
Fever, hypoglycemia, and stressor may impact levels of ?
Cortisol
FSH and LH stimulate the production of ?
Estrogen/Progesterone
Mineralocorticoids of zona glomerulosa in the cortex control what ?
Na and K concentrations in the RAAS system
Glucocorticoids of the zona fasciulata in the cortex are responsible for what? (sex hm, cushings, epi/norepi, na/k)
cushings
What controls catecholamine release?
adrenal medulla
What cells correspond with diabetes?
Islet cells
Melatonin is known to affect day and night cycles along with? (4)
-Puberty
-Detoxing (antioxidant productions)
-Body Temp
-Appetite
How does insulin decrease glucose levels? (3)
-Prevents glycogen breakdown
-Transports glucose into cells to produce ATP, fat, and glycogen
-Prevents AA ad fat from converting into glucose
The uterine layer responsible for housing a fertilized egg during pregnancy and is shed during menstration?
Endometrium
The stratum functionalis is shed during menstruation along with which of the following, i.e. why there is bleeding
Spiral Arteries
This muscle is responsible for elevating the testes and can be tested as a reflex.
Cremaster
While semen contains sperm, 70% of semen is actually made by what gland?
Seminal vessels
Erection is what type of neural response?
Parasympathetic
Ejaculation is what type of neural response (2)
sympathetic and spinal
Men have a ______ period while women can have multiple orgasms.
latent/refractory
Leydig cells of the testes produce _
androgens
What cells of the testes play a role in sperm production?
sustenocytes
Both an egg and a _______ are impacted during ovulation.
follicle
The first part of the menstral cycle is known as the ____ phase where a dominant follicle becomes sensitive to FSH.
follicular
Mittelschmerz is also known as
pain during ovulation
The corpus luteum (i.e. empty follicle) secretes which of the following (select two)?
estrogen and progesterone
What hormone is primarily responsible for ovulation as it “surges” mid cycle?
LH
Cryptochoridism may be due to a defect in this fibrous cord?
gubernaculum
Levonorgestrel (Plan B) does which of the following? (3)
-slows GnRH release
-Prevents ovulation, implantation, and fertilization
-Supresses LH
About 2/3 of all formed zygotes fail to implant resulting in spontaneous abortion? (T/F)
true
At the beginning of pregnancy these levels are high and measured quantitatively (also known as “quants”)?
human chorionic gonadotropin
The epithelial layers of the _______ become the nervous system and skin.
ectoderm
? is necessary to prevent neural tube defects?
Folic acid
XO in someone that never develops ovaries
Turner’s syndrome
XXY in a male that is sterile and has subnormal intellectual abilities.
Klinfelters Syndrome
XY in someone with female gonads
Intersex
The embryonic period is a time of (multiple answers likely): (3)
-organogenesis
-ossification
-gstrulation
The fetal period is a time of
rapid growth
Blue discoloration of cervix, vagina, and vulva (early sign of pregnancy)
Chadwick sign
What is increased in pregnancy? (3)
-Blood volume and cardiac output
-tidal volume
-urine production
Release of this hormone from the fetus prepares for labor?
Cortisol
Fetal fibronectin is an adhesive protein that is lost during the end of pregnancy and functions to
hold dental maternal tissues together
Baby’s head if engaged in the pelvic outlet
Early dilation
babys head starts to rotate
late dialtion
Babys head/neck extends
expulsion
placenta detachment and delivery
placenta stage
The most important aspect of stimulation of prolactin levels after birth is what?
Milk production and Suckling
